A Study in Subjective Evaluation and Gaze Point Analysis of Facial Symmetry: Analysis Using Eye-tracking

Kato, Yusuke; Kobayashi, Tadaharu; Hasebe, Daichi; Kano, Hiroyuki; Saito, Chikara

doi:10.5927/jjjd.19.184

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 27 publications

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“…Eye-tracking is a method of verifying gaze movements by detecting the corneal reflex of infrared rays and is used in various fields, such as medicine, psychology, and cognitive science [21][22][23][24]. We investigated the gaze movements of pharmacists during the dispensing process using the eye-tracking method.…”

Section: Verification Using the Eye-tracking Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the thinking process of pharmacists in response to changes in the dispensing environment using the eye-tracking method

Tsuji

Nagata

Sasaki

et al. 2022

J Pharm Health Care Sci

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Background Pharmacists must understand the mechanisms by which dispensing errors occur and take appropriate preventive measures. In this study, the gaze movements of pharmacists were analyzed using an eye-tracking method, to elucidate the thinking process of pharmacists when identifying target drugs and avoiding dispensing errors. Methods We prepared verification slides and projected them on a large screen. Each slide comprised a drug rack area and a prescription area; the former consisted of a grid-like layout with 55 drugs and the latter displayed dispensing information (drug name, drug usage, location number, and total amount). Twelve pharmacists participated in the study, and three single-type drugs and six double-type drugs were used as target drugs. We analyzed the pharmacists’ method of identifying the target drugs, the mechanisms by which errors occurred, and the usefulness of drug photographs using the error-induction (−) /photo (+), error-induction (+) / (+), and error-induction (+) /photo (−) models. Results Visual invasion by non-target drugs was found to have an effect on the subsequent occurrence of dispensing errors. In addition, when using error-induction models, the rate of dispensing error was 2.8 and 11.1% for the photo (+) and photo (−) models, respectively. Furthermore, based on the analysis of eight pharmacists who dispensed drugs without errors, it was clear that additional confirmation of “drug name” was required to accurately identify the target drug in the photo (+) model; additionally, that of “location number” was required to pinpoint directly the position of target drug in the photo (−) model. Conclusions By analyzing the gaze movements of pharmacists using the eye-tracking method, we clarified pharmacists’ thinking process which was required to avoid dispensing errors in a complicated environment and proved the usefulness of drug photographs in terms of both reducing the complexity of the dispensing process and the risk of dispensing errors. Effective measures to prevent dispensing errors include ensuring non-adjacent placement of double-type drugs and utilization of their image information.

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Section: Verification Using the Eye-tracking Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the thinking process of pharmacists in response to changes in the dispensing environment using the eye-tracking method

Tsuji

Nagata

Sasaki

et al. 2022

J Pharm Health Care Sci

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Eye-tracking-based analysis of pharmacists’ thought processes in the dispensing work: research related to the efficiency in dispensing based on right-brain thinking

Tsuji,

Nagata,

Tanaka

et al. 2024

J Pharm Health Care Sci

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Background Pharmacists should be aware of their thought processes in dispensing work, including differences in the dispensing complexities owing to different drug positions in the left, center, and right areas. Dispensing errors associated with “same-name drugs (a pair of drugs with the same name but a different ingredient quantity)” are prevalent and often negatively affect patients. In this study, using five pairs of comparative models, the gaze movements of pharmacists in dispensing work were analyzed using an eye-tracking method to elucidate their thought processes. Methods We prepared verification slides and displayed them on a prescription monitor and three drug rack monitors. The dispensing information (drug name, drug usage, location display, and total amount) was displayed on a prescription monitor. A total of 180 drugs including five target drugs were displayed on the three drug rack monitors. Total gaze points in the prescription area, those in the drug rack area, total vertical movements between the two areas, and time required to dispense drugs were measured as the four classifications Gaze 1, Gaze 2, Passage, and Time, respectively. First, we defined the two types of location displays as “numeral combination” and “color/symbol combination.” Next, we defined two pairs of models A1-A2 (numerals) and B1-B2 (color/symbol) to compare differences between the left and right areas. Moreover, three pairs of models C1-C2 (left), D1-D2 (center), and E1-E2 (right) were established to compare differences between “numeral combination” and “color/symbol combination.” Results Significant differences in the complexities of dispensing work were observed in Gaze 2, Passage, and Time between the models A1-A2 (A1<A2), in Gaze 2 between the models B1-B2 (B1>B2), and in Gaze 2 and Time between the models C1-C2, D1-D2, and E1-E2 (C1>C2, D1>D2, and E1>E2, respectively). Conclusions Using the current dispensing rules, pharmacists are not good at dispensing drugs located in the right area. An effective measure for reducing the dispensing complexity is to introduce visual information in the prescription content; the utilization of the right brain facilitates reducing the complexity in the right dispensing area.

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Elucidation of Occurrence Mechanism of Dispensing Errors Based on Gaze Movement of Pharmacists Using Eye Tracking Method

Tsuji

Nagata

Sasaki

et al. 2019

Jpn. J. Pharm. Health Care Sci.

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A Study in Subjective Evaluation and Gaze Point Analysis of Facial Symmetry: Analysis Using Eye-tracking

Cited by 3 publications

References 27 publications

Analysis of the thinking process of pharmacists in response to changes in the dispensing environment using the eye-tracking method

Analysis of the thinking process of pharmacists in response to changes in the dispensing environment using the eye-tracking method

Eye-tracking-based analysis of pharmacists’ thought processes in the dispensing work: research related to the efficiency in dispensing based on right-brain thinking

Elucidation of Occurrence Mechanism of Dispensing Errors Based on Gaze Movement of Pharmacists Using Eye Tracking Method

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