A study into the use of crumb rubber in railway ballast

Sol-Sánchez, M.; Thom, Nick; Moreno-Navarro, Fernando; Rubio-Gámez, M.C.; Airey, Gordon

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.045

Cited by 127 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In recent decades various authors have proposed innovative solutions and technologies in order to reinforce the track-bed and mitigate ballast degradation. In this regard, the use of elastic elements such as under sleeper pads, under ballast mats or crumb rubber mixed with ballast aggregates, from elastomeric materials or from tire rubber wastes, can provide a significant reduction in track deterioration and vibrations [2,5,6]. These solutions also allow adjusting track vertical stiffness to a desired level for each specific spot.…”

Section: Background Of the Problem And State Of The Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Variation of both of these two parameters can improve track-bed performance: low levels of stiffness could increase flexural deformation and consequently the bending moment of the rail (and thus its stresses) as well as track-bed settlement [6,7,45]; on the other hand, increasing the stiffness can lead to higher dynamic forces transmitted by trains that, if not adequately damped, necessarily lead to the deterioration of all components of the track [46]. In this regard, increasing the energy dissipation is appropriate for damping dynamic overloads, reducing track-bed and ground vibrations and therefore maintenance costs [43].…”

Section: Fouledmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These solutions also allow adjusting track vertical stiffness to a desired level for each specific spot. However, the use of elastic elements within (in high proportion) or below the ballast layer can reduce the bearing capacity and thus may increase the global settlement [6,7].…”

Section: Background Of the Problem And State Of The Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bitumen stabilized ballast: A potential solution for railway track-bed

D’Angelo

Thom

Presti

2016

Construction and Building Materials

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Davide (2016) Bitumen stabilized ballast: a potential solution for railway track-bed. Construction and Building Materials, 124 . pp. 118-126. ISSN 1879-0526 Access from the University of Nottingham repository: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/36984/1/Accepted%20Manuscript%20-%20Bitumen %20stabilized%20ballast%20-%20A%20potential%20solution%20for%20railway%20track-bed.pdf Copyright and reuse:The Nottingham ePrints service makes this work by researchers of the University of Nottingham available open access under the following conditions. This article is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives licence and may be reused according to the conditions of the licence. For more details see: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. U N C O R R E C T E D P R O O F ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACTRailway ballast degradation under dynamic loads progressively leads to loss of mechanical performance and geometry of the track, so that maintenance interventions are frequently needed. In order to systematically avoid this issue, recently solutions have been proposed to reinforce track-bed by using polyurethane and/or resins as well as asphalt layers among others. Nonetheless, their main limitations are related to the high initial cost and low productivity.To cope with these limitations, in this study, bitumen stabilized ballast (BSB) is proposed as a new solution for ballast stabilization. This method aims at improving durability and reducing settlement by modifying both stiffness and the ability of energy dissipation of the layer. The paper introduces the potential of this technology as material to be used in railway track-beds by presenting the results of a laboratory-based investigation using the Precision Unbound Material Analyser (PUMA). Different variables such as ballast grading, bitumen emulsion dosage, compaction method and stress levels are considered. Results showed a significant decrease in permanent deformation and deformation rate associated with modified stiffness and energy dissipation properties of BSB, which suggest the potential for improving long-term performance and sustainability of ballasted track.

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Section: Background Of the Problem And State Of The Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fouledmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bitumen stabilized ballast: A potential solution for railway track-bed

D’Angelo

Thom

Presti

2016

Construction and Building Materials

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“…In fact, by changing the characteristics of the materials constituting the railway sub-structure, the size of the structure and maintenance costs are increased due to induced stresses from railway traffic and consequent deformations [19].…”

Section: Optimizing Of Rail Track Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Procedure for a Temperature-Traffic Model on Rubberized Asphalt Layers for Roads and Railways

Mino¹,

Soto²

2017

JTTE

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Abstract:The impact of temperature on the mechanical properties and thermal susceptibility of the railway bituminous sub-ballast layer, has served as motivation to develop the advanced measurement of thermal cycles in this layer and, an evaluation of the average seasonal temperatures interpolated by sinusoidal functions, of which characteristic parameters are determined. According to weather situation, Barber's temperature model was used to prove the effectiveness for the railway superstructure. It is included the assessment of improved modified asphalt mixes performed with coarse rubber from scrap tires, having 1.5 to 3 percent of crumb rubber (particle size 0.2-4 mm) by weight of the total mix, as sub-ballast layer in railway and base layers on roads, recurring to the Superpave mix design compaction enhanced after computer simulations to evaluate real stresses derived from the rail traffic and climatic conditions. This article following the assessment of the average seasonal temperatures, involves the characterization of rubberized materials with attention to crumb rubber properties, designed with dry technology, to enhance the bitumen-rubber and binder-voids ratios. Indirect tensile strength and water sensitivity tests were applied for the evaluation of its mechanical properties including dynamic complex modulus at elevated temperature to measure the amount of bitumen absorbed by the rubber. The rubberized mix-results obtained and the comparison with a conventional HMA (hot mix asphalt) show that these dry rubber bituminous mixtures are particularly effective in damping vibrations. The purpose of using rubber modifiers in hot mix asphalt to obtain a stiffer-elastic sustainable material has been achieved for the assessment of its behavior in sub-ballast/base layers.Key words: Superpave, rubber-modified asphalt, bituminous mixtures, temperature, compaction, sub-ballast, railway, indirect tensile strength, trackbed design. Highlights An innovative approach for the volumetric design of bituminous mixture with rubber (dry process);  Optimal parameters of temperature and traffic to characterize the mixture for a sub-ballast layer;  Applicability of Barber forecasting model used in the field road, to the railway superstructure;  Performance of the design process for the volumetric analysis of rubberized asphalt;  160 kN and 80 kN, respectively, rail equivalent axle load (R ESAL ) were selected comparing sub-ballast vs. road base course solicitations induced for each layer;  Increase of workability and compaction properties decreasing air voids content to 3%-4% of the total mix weight;  Crumb rubber percentage between 1.5% to 2% and a digestion time of 120 min produced the optimal results.

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“…However, the use of tyre shreds in the construction of new railway lines has been little studied and such studies are mostly limited to bituminous mixtures (5). Unbound mixtures of mineral aggregates and rubber particles have so far been neglected -apart from a noteworthy experiment that added rubber to ballast (6) and found that a 10% addition of rubber (by volume) to the ballast layer reduces particle breakage and improves energy dissipation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the bearing capacity of unbound granular mixtures with rubber particles from scrap tyres when used as sub-ballast

et al. 2016

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Scrap tyres are a problematic waste material. As a method for recycling large quantities of rubber from scrap tyres, this paper analyses the use of unbound granular mixtures with varying percentages of rubber particles as sub-ballast in railway lines. Bearing capacity for such mixtures is studied in laboratory and field tests using static and dynamic plate load tests, as well as cyclic triaxial tests. It is found that adding rubber increases permanent and resilient strain and that none of the mixtures suffer plastic creep after 2.5 million cycles. Considering the usual bearing capacity requirements, the optimum rubber content is 2.5% (by weight). This percentage increases resistance to degradation while ensuring sufficient bearing capacity. RESUMEN:Análisis de la capacidad de soporte de mezclas de material granular con partículas de caucho procedentes de neumáticos fuera de uso para su uso como subbalasto. Los neumáticos fuera de uso son un material de desecho problemático. Para poder reutilizarlos en grandes cantidades, el artículo se centra en el análisis de mezclas granulares sin ligante con un porcentaje variables de partículas de caucho, y su uso como capa de subbalasto ferroviario. La capacidad de soporte de dichas mezclas se estudia mediante ensayos de laboratorio y de campo (ensayos de placa de carga estática y dinámica, y ensayos triaxiales cíclicos). Se evalúa la influencia del contenido de caucho en cada caso. Se ha observado que, a mayor contenido en caucho, se incrementa la deformación permanente y resiliente, y que ninguna de las mezclas experimenta fluencia plástica tras 2,5 millones de ciclos de carga. Considerando los requisitos habituales de capacidad de soporte, el contenido óptimo de caucho es 2,5% en términos de peso. Este porcentaje incrementa la resistencia a la degradación al tiempo que asegura una capacidad de soporte suficiente.

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A study into the use of crumb rubber in railway ballast

Cited by 127 publications

References 7 publications

Bitumen stabilized ballast: A potential solution for railway track-bed

Bitumen stabilized ballast: A potential solution for railway track-bed

Procedure for a Temperature-Traffic Model on Rubberized Asphalt Layers for Roads and Railways

Analysis of the bearing capacity of unbound granular mixtures with rubber particles from scrap tyres when used as sub-ballast

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