A study of anthraquinone dyes for the selection of candidates for carcinogen bioassay

Sigman, Caroline C.; Papa, P.; Doeltz, M. K.; Perry, L. R.; Twhigg, A. M.; Helmes, C. Tucker

doi:10.1080/10934528509375234

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The number of compounds initially considered in the grouping or class was then substantially reduced by considering the available in vitro as well as animal test data, production, use and exposure estimates, structure−activity relationships, etc. These class studies have been carried out as part of the NCI chemical selection process since the early 1980s, and two dye class studies were published ( , ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Compilation of Two Decades of Mutagenicity Test Results with the Ames Salmonella typhimurium and L5178Y Mouse Lymphoma Cell Mutation Assays

Seifried

Clarke

et al. 2006

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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As previously reported [Cameron, T. P., Rogers-Back, A. M., Lawlor, T. E., Harbell, J. W., Seifried, H. E., and Dunkel, V. C. (1991) Gentoxicity of multifunctional acrylates in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay and mouse lymphoma TK+/- assay. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 17, 264-271], the National Cancer Institute (NCI) shares the responsibility of selecting the most significant chemicals for carcinogenicity testing by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) and has used data from Salmonella and mouse lymphoma mutagenicity assays to aid in the selection and prioritization of chemicals to be further evaluated in chronic 2 year rodent studies. In addition, a number of antineoplastic and anti-AIDS drugs in preclinical evaluation were tested for the NCI's Division of Cancer Treatment Toxicology Branch. In the NCI/NTP chemical selection process, it is no longer necessary to test chemicals prior to sending them to the NTP so the NCI program has ceased performing mutagenicity tests. Some of the testing data has been made available in summary form in the Chemical Carcinogenisis Research Information System (CCRIS), which is searchable on the NLM TOXNET system. The limitations in using this source are that only summary results are available and many negative test results are not included. A summary table that presents the results for each compound is provided in the Appendix with raw data provided in the Supporting Information. The Appendix table contains the compound name, CAS number, and a summary of the data from the Ames test and the mouse lymphoma assay.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Compilation of Two Decades of Mutagenicity Test Results with the Ames Salmonella typhimurium and L5178Y Mouse Lymphoma Cell Mutation Assays

Seifried

Clarke

et al. 2006

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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“…It has been previously reported that Disperse Red 11 is not mutagenic in the Ames test, Sigman et al [1985]. Ninety anthraquinone dyes with very similar chemical structures were screened for mutagenicity and about 35% of them were shown to be mutagenic [Brown and Brown, 19761.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro genotoxicity of dyes present in colored smoke munitions

Brooks¹,

Seiler²,

Hanson³

et al. 1989

Environ and Mol Mutagen

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Genetic toxicology studies were conducted on organic dyes and mixtures used in colored smoke munitions. The dyes studied included Solvent Red 1; two different batches (Lot 1 and Lot 2) of Disperse Red 11; terephthalic acid; and a mixture of 25 parts Solvent Red 1, 5 parts Disperse Red 11, and 16 parts terephthalic acid. The dyes were evaluated for their ability to produce mutations in Salmonella bacterial strains and in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The dyes were also tested in CHO cells to determine cytotoxicity and the induction of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberration. None of the dyes were genotoxic in the standard Ames assay using bacterial strain TA1535 or TA100 with or without the addition of S-9 or in TA98 and TA1538 without S-9. With S-9, Disperse Red 11 (Lot 2) showed significant mutagenic activity in TA98 and TA1538 which increased as a function of S-9 concentration. However, the maximum level of mutagenic activity detected was low (3.8 revertants/micrograms). The azo dye Solvent Red 1 was also negative in a pre-incubation assay designed to reduce azo compounds to free amines. Solvent Red 1 was cytotoxic to mammalian cells, caused a significant increase in SCE, but was not mutagenic or clastogenic. Disperse Red 11 (Lot 1 and Lot 2) were not cytotoxic or clastogenic but produced an increase in cell cycle time and SCE frequency. Only Disperse Red 11 (Lot 2) increased mutations in the CHO/hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) assay. The mutagenic activity of the dye mixture was not significant, suggesting no synergistic interaction between the dyes. These studies demonstrated that none of the dyes was clastogenic and that a contaminant in Disperse Red 11 (Lot 2) may be responsible for the weak mutagenic activity in both mammalian and bacterial cell systems.

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“…In recent years increasing attention has been focused on the widespread use of synthetic dyes, especially in food and cosmetics, because of their potential toxicity [1,2]. The European Economic Community (EEC) Directive on cosmetics [3] includes a list of the authorized coloring agents with the permitted application areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assay of xanthene dyes in lipsticks by inverse supercritical fluid extraction and HPLC

Scalia

Simeoni

2001

Chromatographia

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A study of anthraquinone dyes for the selection of candidates for carcinogen bioassay

Cited by 7 publications

References 17 publications

A Compilation of Two Decades of Mutagenicity Test Results with the Ames Salmonella typhimurium and L5178Y Mouse Lymphoma Cell Mutation Assays

A Compilation of Two Decades of Mutagenicity Test Results with the Ames Salmonella typhimurium and L5178Y Mouse Lymphoma Cell Mutation Assays

In vitro genotoxicity of dyes present in colored smoke munitions

Assay of xanthene dyes in lipsticks by inverse supercritical fluid extraction and HPLC

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