Shadow education gains its name because it mimics the regular system. When new subjects and other curriculum changes are introduced in the regular system, before long they appear in the shadow; as the regular grows, so does the shadow. Unlike the formal schooling system, shadow education is a fee-charging education system and so considered to be half education and half business organisation. In the last two decades, shadow education has become a global phenomenon across continents such as Asia, North America, Europe, Oceania and Africa, and a new field for researchers to explore. The previous research indicates that shadow education does not mimic the formal schooling system only, but further affects it by changing students' attitudes towards the formal school system, school teachers' teaching, and students' life and learning. Apart from the impact on education, it also raises social issues, such as social justice, inequality, stratification and so on. The influence of shadow education on the formal schooling system and the life of students is vividly shown in Taiwan, where shadow education, called buxiban, is ubiquitous and is regarded as a unique culture. Like other Asian countries, more than 80% of students in Taiwan attend extra classes in the buxiban after school. The number shows dramatic growth in the last decade due to the I acknowledge that copyright of all material contained in my thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of that material. Where appropriate I have obtained copyright permission from the copyright holder to reproduce material in this thesis and have sought permission from coauthors for any jointly authored works included in the thesis. v Publications included in this thesis 'No publications included'.