A study of cerium extraction from Bangka tin slag using hydrochloric acid

Abstract

24 fuel cell. The presence of Ce in the earth's crust is higher than copper (66.5 ppm) and lead (60 ppm) [8]. Ce in nature has two different ionic states, the trivalent and tetravalent Ce which is beneficial for increasing the photocatalystic performance [9]. Tetravalent Ce tends to be more stable than trivalent [8]. The main resources of rare earth elements that have been processed are monazite, xenotime, and bastnaesite [10]. Among the three types of minerals, the lowest amount of cerium was in xenotime while cerium content in monazite was similar to bastnaesite, which was 46-49 % of Ce [11]. Tin mining activities in Bangka produced tin ingot and other forms of tin metal products through the smelting and