“…With an average overall engagement score of 77.4%, the result of this study is consistent with a similar study employing an active learning approach, which recorded an overall engagement of 83% ( Kothiyal et al., 2013 ). This study contrasts with results from a traditional CS1 class of Irish students learning software development, which recorded an overall low-level engagement score of 5.7 out of 12 (47.5%) ( Higgins et al., 2019 ). This suggests active learning — like the one employed in this study — rather than the traditional approach, delivers a more engaging experience for CS1 students ( Luxton-Reilly et al., 2018 ).…”