A study of heavy metal contamination of leaf surfaces

Little, Peter C.

doi:10.1016/0013-9327(73)90085-2

Cited by 86 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Considerable zinc, lead and cadmium pollution occurs in the vicinity of a smelting complex at Avonmouth, near Bristol, and metal levels have been extensively studied on grass, moss and lichens (Burkitt et al, 1972), in soil and vegetation (Little & Martin, 1972) and on the leaf surfaces of hawthorn, oak, willow and elm (Little, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous work has suggested that most of the total lead burden on the surface of deciduous vegetation near Avonmouth exists as a particulate deposit, but that a proportion of the zinc and cadmium is probably incorporated into the leaf (Little & Martin, 1972;Little, 1973). Acid washing was used in an attempt to remove the superficial deposits and metal bound to the leaf surface by exchange phenomena, The procedure followed the technique of Little (1973).…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Zinc, Lead and Cadmium Pollution on the Leaf Surface Microflora of Lolium perenne L.

Bewley

1979

Journal of General Microbiology

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The influence of zinc, lead and cadmium contamination on the phylloplane microflora of Lolium perenne growing at various distances from a smelting complex was investigated. Bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi were isolated using a leaf washing method, and relative metal tolerance was assessed by the incorporation of zinc, lead and cadmium salts into the growth media. Numbers of fungal propagules were also assessed by direct observation of leaf segments. Non-pigmented yeastgof the genus Cryptococcus were particularly tolerant to the metals, both in vitro and in vivo. Bacteria were less tolerant in vitro, but populations in the field were found even under the highest levels of metal contamination. Filamentous fungi were more tolerant than bacteria to heavy metals in vitro but population levels appeared to be particularly influenced by lead contamination on the leaf surface. I N T R O D U C T I O NConsiderable zinc, lead and cadmium pollution occurs in the vicinity of a smelting complex at Avonmouth, near Bristol, and metal levels have been extensively studied on grass, moss and lichens (Burkitt et al., 1972), in soil and vegetation (Little & Martin, 1972) and on the leaf surfaces of hawthorn, oak, willow and elm (Little, 1973).Up to 8000p.p.m. zinc, 5000p.p.m. lead and 50p.p.m. cadmium have been detected on vegetation close to the smelting complex (Little, 1973). On pine saplings and cabbages grown in pots and exposed to contamination near the smelter, the numbers and diversity of micro-organisms were reduced compared with those grown at a control site (Gingell et al., 1976). The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of this pollution on the phylloplane microflora of a plant of the indigenous vegetation, Lolium perenne L., a common grass found near the smelting complex. M E T H O D SSampling procedure. Five grass fields numbered 1 to 5, at approximate distances of 0.35,0.5, 1.4, 1.3 and 1-85 km, respectively, ENE of the Avonmouth smelting complex, were sampled in November 1976. Field 4 was a little nearer to the smelter than field 3 but slightly out of the main line of sampling. Leaves from three patches of Loliurn perenne in each field were collected and placed in sterile containers.Microbiological assay. Eighty leaf discs were cut from each sample (using a 2-5 mm diam. punch), placed in a Universal bottle containing 10 ml sterile distilled water with 5 g glass beads (approx. 3 mm diam.) and shaken for 10min on a wrist action shaker. Samples (0.1 ml) of the suspension and of a 10-fold dilution were each inoculated separately on to the surface of a series of agar plates. Two basic media were used: Martin's Rose Bengal Streptomycin Agar (MRB; Tuite, 1969) and Tryptic Soy Agar [TSA; 3 g Tryptic Soy Broth (Difco 0370) 1-1 plus 20 g agar l-l]. To study relative microbial tolerance to the three metals, cadmium, zinc and lead were added singly (as nitrates) at, respectively, 100, 400 and 800 pg (g wet wt)-' to TSA and 500, 2000 and 2000 ,ug (g wet wt)-l to MRB. Plates of TSA and MRB containing al...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

The Effects of Zinc, Lead and Cadmium Pollution on the Leaf Surface Microflora of Lolium perenne L.

Bewley

1979

Journal of General Microbiology

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“…Only a minor the Kola Peninsula, North-West Russia (Table 1, proportion of heavy metal cations, however, is taken Tikkanen & Niemela, 1995). The sites comprised up via stomata and cuticle (Little, 1973; Krause dry heath forest dominated by 60-236-yr-old nat-& Kaiser, 1977;Zottl, 1985;Tyree, 1994). The urally regenerated Scots pine.…”

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confidence: 99%

Epicuticular wax of subarctic Scots pine needles: response to sulphur and heavy metal deposition

et al. 1997

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SUMMARYThe response of epicuticular wax of Scots pine {Pinus sylvestris L.) needles to dry-and wet-deposited sulphur and heavy metals was investigated at six sites located 10-110 km from the Monchegorsk Cu-Ni smelter on the Kola Peninsula, North-West Russia, and in a long-term irrigation experiment where pines were exposed over four growing seasons (1991)(1992)(1993)(1994) to either acid rain treatment at pH 3-1 (HgSO^), metal treatment at pH 5-7 (Cu and Ni) or a combination of these at pH 3-1. Needle wettability exhibited a closer relationship with epistomatal wax tube distribution (WTD) than with chemical composition of epicuticular wax. Water droplet contact angles (DCA) decreased towards the smelter, and significant differences due to site were noted for 26-month-old and 38-month-old needles. Significant differences due to site were determined for secondary alcohols, dehydroabietic acid and hydroxy fatty acids, the proportions of which ranged from 22-5 to 48-9%, 6-2 to 22-4% and 0-6 to 2-6% respectively, depending on site and needle age class. The proportion of dehydroabietic acid increased towards the smelter, but no gradient was observed in the proportion of secondary alcohols or hydroxy fatty acids. No major effect of experimentally applied pollutants on the chemical composition or structure of the epicuticular wax was observed. The effect of treatment on DCA was significant in 1993 and 1994 due to a 6-5-13-2 degree greater wettability of the 37^9-month-old acid-treated needles relative to the irrigated or dry controls. Sulphuric acid at pH 3-1 did not increase needle wettability when combined with copper and nickel sulphate in similar concentrations. These data indicate that S deposition, especially H^SO^, plays a more important role in needle surface deterioration than Cu and Ni. Pollutant-induced changes in epicuticular wax structure and needle wettability mimic natural wax ageing, but at an accelerated rate. Changes in wax chemical composition might also be caused by pollutant-induced metabolic changes in elongating needles.

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“…Lawrey and Hale (1981) found washing effects when examining lichens for lead accumulation. Little (1973) used deionized water and 1% HN03 waslies on aerially contaminated elm, oak, hawthorn, and willow leaves. He found lead and zinc present as surficial water-soluble and insoluble deposits which were distributed differently both within and between species.…”

Section: Determination Of Sulfurmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of total sulfur in lichens by combustion-infrared analysis

Jackson¹,

Engleman²,

Peard³

1984

Open-File Report

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Sulfur was determined in Parmelia sulcata and P. chlorochroa by combustion of the sample and infrared detection of evolved sulfur dioxide using an automated sulfur analyzer.Vanadium pentoxide was used as a combustion accelerator. Pelletization of the sample prior to combustion was not found advantageous. Washing studies showed that leaching of sulfur was not a major factor in the sample preparation.The combustion-IR analysis usually gave higher sulfur content than the turbidimetric analysis as well as shorter analysis time.Relative standard deviations of less than 7% were obtained by the combustion-IR technique when sulfur levels in lichens ranged from 0.05-0.20%.Determination of sulfur in National Bureau of Standards orchard leaves standard reference material showed good agreement between the combustion-IR technique and other instrumental procedures.

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A study of heavy metal contamination of leaf surfaces

Cited by 86 publications

References 11 publications

The Effects of Zinc, Lead and Cadmium Pollution on the Leaf Surface Microflora of Lolium perenne L.

The Effects of Zinc, Lead and Cadmium Pollution on the Leaf Surface Microflora of Lolium perenne L.

Epicuticular wax of subarctic Scots pine needles: response to sulphur and heavy metal deposition

Determination of total sulfur in lichens by combustion-infrared analysis

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