A study of lung cancer mortality in asbestos workers: Doll, 1955

Abstract

Between 1935 and 1953, a series of publications appeared in England, Germany and America reporting cases of lung cancer amongst asbestos workers. As early as 1943, the German scientific consensus was that the evidence was strong enough to deem the association to be causal. On reviewing a more extensive bibliography, this view was shared by an American cancer expert. The results of industry sponsored experiments, in which lung tumors had been induced in mice by asbestos, were circulated in confidence to its scientists, but being unpublished were unknown to the general scientific community. There were also cancer mortality data recorded for populations of exposed asbestos workers, but these were confidential and remained to be analyzed. To deal with the persistent allegations of a lung cancer hazard, in 1953 Dr. Richard Doll was asked by Turner Brothers Asbestos (“the Company”), whose in‐house analyses had been reassuring, to study the mortality data of a group of its workers. Despite the limitations of the data, Doll convincingly demonstrated so substantial an excess of lung‐cancer in heavily exposed long‐term asbestos workers as to overcome honest doubt. Despite determined attempts made to dissuade them, Doll and the editor of the journal to which he submitted his paper, courageously went ahead and published the paper. Industry overestimated the harm that publication of the paper would do to their immediate interests. It produced so profound a lack of sense of urgency, that legislation addressed to the control of lung cancer specifically had to wait 20 years, and asbestos workers contracting it were to wait 25 years, before they might be considered for compensation, and even then, only under extremely limiting conditions. Am. J. Ind. Med. 36:331–347, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Science or public relations?: The inside story of the Asbestosis Research Council, 1957-1990

“…The alarm was not due to the sudden knowledge that asbestos might be linked with cancerÐthey had known that for a decade or moreÐbut to the threat of bad publicity. The company refused Knox and Doll permission to publish and then, when Doll pressed ahead, contemplated legal action and tried to intimidate the editor of the medical journal that eventually carried the piece [Greenberg, 1999]. Doll's article contained no mention of John Knox's contribution or TBA's support.…”

Mineral-Induced Lung Disease in Modern Industry

“…Workers who received substantial asbestos exposure and who smoked tobacco are at greatly increased risk to develop bronchogenic carcinoma compared with smokers who did not have asbestos exposure. This association was noted as early the 1940s, publicized in 1955, 59,60 and is supported by epidemiologic studies from many countries. 32,61-63 As much as 5% to 7% of all lung cancers may be attributable to asbestos exposure.…”

Asbestos in toys: an exemplary case

“…The number of DAS powder and paste packs sold is estimated to be about 6 and 48 million, respectively. The number of end users is difficult to determine, but it may have been in an order of magnitude of some millions; • Although distribution was mainly in Italy, the product was certainly exported to the Netherlands, Germany, the UK, and Norway; • In 1962, when DAS was invented and marketed, the hazards of asbestos were already clear and widely reported in the scientific world (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29). Obviously, this fact was not known to the inventor and (probably) the producer of DAS, at least until 1974 when the British importer pointed out the problem.…”