A Study of Meditation Effectiveness for Virtual Reality Based Stress Therapy Using EEG Measurement and Questionnaire Approaches

Perhakaran, Gamini; Yusof, Azmi Mohd; Rusli, Mohd Ezanee; Yusoff, Mohd Zamri; Mahalil, Imran; Zainuddin, Ahmad Redza Razieff

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23024-5_33

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This EEG system includes a module described as ThinkGear AM which can report valid and reliable indexes without resorting to a previous calibration, including a noise reduction hardware that helps measuring activity in frontal muscles (electromyogram) involving a technique of signal filtering and processing programmed to filter out artifacts. The use of proprietary algorithms is not pioneering in this field as previous studies already approached similar algorithms in the area of marketing (Deitz et al , 2016), especially the aforementioned NeuroSky proprietary algorithm (Perhakaran et al , 2016; Rebolledo-Mendez et al , 2009; Wang and Hsu, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the effectiveness of sponsorship messaging

Santos

Moreno

2018

IJSMS

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to represent a pilot study which aims to explore the attention to sponsorship variable by assessing the level of congruence linked to both the sponsor and the sponsored entity (sponsee). Design/methodology/approach This research performed an experiment involving three different sporting activities where the level of congruence was perceived in a different way according to the different attributes of sponsorship message. Electroencephalograms were employed in order to measure reaction times when recognizing and identifying the level of congruence of sponsorship messages. The rate of successful understanding and identification of these sponsorship messages was also measured with this tool. Findings Incongruent, misfit messages are processed and encoded with a higher level of attention as opposed to the information which is reliable and consistent with prior expectations (congruent pairings). This means that subjects find fit, congruent messages more difficult to identify; in this case the information is poorly encoded and often misunderstood. In relation to attention congruity, this research found no differences across the different sporting activities which were examined. Practical implications This research proves that neuroscientific methods can be useful to assess the performance of sponsorship as an alternative to traditional techniques. In addition, this research contributes to the existing debate in the literature regarding the disagreeing results on the actual effectiveness of sponsoring congruent perceived events involving congruent perceived sports teams. Originality/value This paper is pioneering in the measurement of sponsorship performance through the use of electroencephalograms. Also, the level of attention is considered as a performance indicator.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the effectiveness of sponsorship messaging

Santos

Moreno

2018

IJSMS

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“…These features include physiological measurements to support the results, robust scales to evaluate the mood of the participants, or standardized protocols to equally stress the participants. For instance, the authors of [ 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 ] developed a virtual environment by combining VR, audio and olfactory stimuli, or breathing techniques to promote relaxation; however, they did not report an established methodology to equally stress the participants. A protocol like the MIST, that we implemented in this study, is important since it allows the investigators to attribute the differences in stress levels between stress phase and relaxation phase to the VR environments that they implemented.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual Reality Customized 360-Degree Experiences for Stress Relief

Vaquero-Blasco

Pérez-Valero

Morillas

et al. 2021

Sensors

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The latest studies in virtual reality (VR) have evidenced the potential of this technology to reproduce environments from multiple domains in an immersive way. For instance, in stress relief research, VR has been presented as a portable and inexpensive alternative to chromotherapy rooms, which require an adapted space and are expensive. In this work, we propose a portable and versatile alternative to the traditional chromotherapy color-loop treatment through four different 360-degree virtual experiences. A group of 23 healthy participants (mean age 22.65 ± 5.48) were conducted through a single-session experience divided into four phases while their electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. First, they were stressed via the Montreal imaging stress task (MIST), and then relaxed using our VR proposal. We applied the Wilcoxon test to evaluate the relaxation effect in terms of the EEG relative gamma and self-perceived stress surveys. The results that we obtained validate the effectiveness of our 360-degree proposal to significantly reduce stress (p-value = 0.0001). Furthermore, the participants deemed our proposal comfortable and immersive (score above 3.5 out of 5). These results suggest that 360-degree VR experiences can mitigate stress, reduce costs, and bring stress relief assistance closer to the general public, like in workplaces or homes.

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“…Mindfulness interventions are gaining increasing popularity among psychedelic practitioners (Payne et al, 2021) and VR has proven successful in helping people engage with mindfulness as well as reach the meditative state (Perhakaran et al, 2016;Seabrook et al, 2020). VR-based meditation interventions lead to a deep state of mindfulness, that has been reflected in changes of EEG patterns indicative of a relaxed, meditative state.…”

Section: Mindful Presencementioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual Reality as a Moderator of Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy

Sekula

Downey

Puspanathan³

2022

Front. Psychol.

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Psychotherapy with the use of psychedelic substances, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), ketamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), has demonstrated promise in treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, addiction, and treatment-resistant depression. Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PP) represents a unique psychopharmacological model that leverages the profound effects of the psychedelic experience. That experience is characterized by strong dependency on two key factors: participant mindset and the therapeutic environment. As such, therapeutic models that utilize psychedelics reflect the need for careful design that promotes an open, flexible, trusting mindset and a supportive setting. To meet this need, the PP model is increasingly supplemented by auxiliary methods, including meditation, relaxation, visualization or spiritual practices. We suggest virtual reality (VR) as a full-spectrum tool able to capitalize on and catalyze the innately therapeutic aspects of the psychedelic experience, such as detachment from familiar reality, alteration of self-experience, augmentation of sensory perception and induction of mystical-type experiences. This is facilitated by VR’s evidenced capacity to: aid relaxation and reduce anxiety; buffer from external stimuli; promote a mindful presence; train the mind to achieve altered states of consciousness (ASC); evoke mystical states; enhance therapeutic alliance and encourage self-efficacy. While these unique VR features appear promising, VR’s potential role in PP remains speculative due to lack of empirical evidence on the combined use of VR and PP. Given the increased commercial interest in this synergy there is an urgent need to evaluate this approach. We suggest specific VR models and their role within PP protocols to inspire future direction in scientific research, and provide a list of potential disadvantages, side effects and limitations that need to be carefully considered. These include sensory overstimulation, cyber-sickness, triggering memories of past traumatic events as well as distracting from the inner experience or strongly influencing its contents. A balanced, evidence-based approach may provide continuity across all phases of treatment, support transition into and out of an ASC, deepen acute ASC experiences including mystical states and enrich the psychotherapeutic process of integration. We conclude that the potential application of VR in modulating psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy demands further exploration and an evidence-based approach to both design and implementation.

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A Study of Meditation Effectiveness for Virtual Reality Based Stress Therapy Using EEG Measurement and Questionnaire Approaches

Cited by 14 publications

References 12 publications

Assessing the effectiveness of sponsorship messaging

Assessing the effectiveness of sponsorship messaging

Virtual Reality Customized 360-Degree Experiences for Stress Relief

Virtual Reality as a Moderator of Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy

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