A study of metabolic syndrome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients attending out-patient department of a medical college

Abstract

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) occurs as co-morbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and requires evaluation. Methods: MetS was studied in 336 patients of COPD (NCP-ATP III guidelines). TNF-α, IL-6 and C reactive protein were analysed. Patients were divided into metabolic (n=89) and non-MetS (n=247) groups and further divided into mild to very severe COPD category as per Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Results: The 89 patients (26.49%) had MetS. Waist hip ratio (WHR) was more in 80.89% (72/89). Triglycerides and HDL derangements were found in 63 and 75 patients. Fasting blood glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure criterion were met by 58 (65.17 %), 20 (22.47%) and 32 (35.95%) patients respectively. In non-MetS group, the derangement in above parameters were found in 41, 53, 109, 47, 43 and 46 patients respectively. Compared to MetS group, significant difference was found in WHR, lipid profile and blood pressure. Significant difference was found in waist circumference, triglycerides, HDL, fasting blood glucose and diastolic blood pressure between COPD groups with and without MetS. Moderate COPD patients had highest MetS. Difference in results as per severity of disease was found to be non-significant. Inflammatory markers between COPD groups with and without MetS were non-significant with levels more in latter group. Within COPD group (as per severity of disease) with MetS their levels were significantly raised. Conclusion: MetS occurs as co-morbidity in COPD and requires evaluation which will help in better management and prevent cardio metabolic complications.

Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Blood Eosinophil Levels As Inflammatory Indicators in Smoker and Non-smoker Young Adult Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease at a Tertiary Care Hospital

“…This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between January and June 2023, recruiting seventy-three male subjects diagnosed with COPD according to the GOLD criteria [ 11 ] from the OPD of Pulmonary Medicine. They were further divided into smokers (n=45) and non-smokers (n=28).…”

“…Subjects included in the study were further divided into mild (n=10), moderate (n=27), severe (n=26), and very severe (n=10) categories as per GOLD guidelines. Among the smoker COPD subjects (n=45), the distribution was mild (n=8, 17.78%), moderate (n=14, 31.11%), severe (n=15, 33.33%), and very severe (n=8, 17.78%) as per GOLD [ 11 ]. In the non-smoker COPD group (n=28), the presence of mild, moderate, severe, and very severe airflow obstruction was reported in 2 (7.14%), 13 (46.43%), 11 (39.29%), and 2 (7.14%) subjects, respectively.…”

“…The present study was designed to investigate the NLR and eosinophil levels in smokers and non-smokers with stable COPD male subjects and to correlate these levels with lung functions. Subjects with COPD were classified into grades according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) [ 11 ].…”