A study of school bag weight and back pain among intermediate female students in Dammam City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Alghamdi, Rawan Saleem; Nafee, Hoda Mohamed; El-Sayed, Awatef; Alsaadi, Saad Mohamed

doi:10.5430/jnep.v8n12p105

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The results of the present study revealed that school students were mostly used to carrying schoolbags on one side (60.2%). However, this finding is not in agreement with the results of other studies [1,6,26,27], which reported that most students carried their schoolbags over two shoulders.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Back Pain and Schoolbags among Adolescents in Abha City, Southwestern Saudi Arabia

Assiri

Mahfouz

Awadalla

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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The incorrect carriage of schoolbags and heavy bags may result in back pain (BP) in adolescents. Our objective was to assess the problem of BP and associated factors among adolescents. This was a cross-sectional study targeting intermediate and secondary school adolescents in Abha City, Saudi Arabia. An anonymous questionnaire for BP was used. Student body weight and the weight of their full schoolbag were measured. The study included 876 adolescents. An overall prevalence of BP of 39.4% (95% CI: 35.3–43.7) was found. Upper BP (UBP), middle BP (MBP), and lower BP (LBP) amounted to 14.5%, 13.4%, and 11.5%, respectively. Associated significant factors with MBP were carrying the bag on one side compared to on the back (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.20–3.73) and being at intermediate level compared to secondary (aOR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.04–2.40). On the other hand, gender and schoolbag weight/body weight percent were not found to be significantly associated with MBP. None of the studied factors were significantly associated with overall BP, UBP, or LBP. BP is a prevalent among adolescents in southwest Saudi Arabia. One-sided schoolbag carriage is a significant associated factor for middle back pain. Parents and teachers should encourage students to consider the correct way to carry schoolbag.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Back Pain and Schoolbags among Adolescents in Abha City, Southwestern Saudi Arabia

Assiri

Mahfouz

Awadalla

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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“…Among the 10 studies which were not included in the meta‐analyses, only one suggested that LBP was more prevalent among the children who carried schoolbags representing a higher percentage of their bodyweight, especially among boys (vs. girls), with the percentage of the bodyweight associated with a higher risk for LBP being smaller when the children were younger (Grimmer & Williams, ). None of the other nine studies which were not included in the meta‐analysis, found such an association (Alghamdi et al, ; Chiang et al, ; Johnson et al, ; Korovessis et al, ; Mwaka et al, ; Noormohammadpour et al, ; Oka et al, ; Watson et al, ; Young et al, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sample size of the studies ranged between 55 and 4,813. Three studies included only children (Angarita‐Fonseca et al, ; de Oliveira et al, ; Vidal et al, ), and three studies included only teenagers (Akbar et al, ; Alghamdi et al, ; Noormohammadpour et al, ), while all the others included both children and teenagers. Two studies included only girls (Alghamdi et al, ; Noormohammadpour et al, ) while all the others included both boys and girls.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among these 84 studies, 21 representing a total sample of 18,296 complied with the criteria to be included in the systematic review (Akbar et al, ; Alghadir et al, ; Alghamdi, Nafee, El‐Sayed, & Alsaadi, ; Angarita‐Fonseca et al, ; Chiang, Jacobs, & Orsmond, ; de Oliveira, Chinaglia, & Lima, ; Dianat et al, ; Dianat, Sorkhi, Pourhossein, Alipour, & Asghari‐Jafarabadi, ; Grimmer & Williams, ; Johnson, Adeniji, Mbada, Obembe, & Akosile, ; Korovessis, Koureas, & Papazisis, ; Martínez‐Crespo et al, ; Minghelli, Oliveira, & Nunes, ; Mohseni‐Bandpei, Bagheri‐Nesami, & Shayesteh‐Azar, ; Mwaka, Munabi, Buwembo, Kukkiriza, & Ochieng, ; Noormohammadpour et al, ; Oka, Ranade, & Kulkarni, ; Trevelyan & Legg, ; Vidal, Borràs, Ponseti, Gili, & Palou, ; Watson et al, ; Young, Haig, & Yamakawa, ), 11 with 9,188 subjects were included in the meta‐analysis (Akbar et al, ; Alghadir et al, ; Angarita‐Fonseca et al, ; de Oliveira et al, ; Dianat et al, , ; Martínez‐Crespo et al, ; Minghelli et al, ; Mohseni‐Bandpei et al, ; Trevelyan & Legg, ; Vidal et al, ), and data from 8,218 subjects from 7 studies were included in the IPD meta‐analysis (Akbar et al, ; de Oliveira et al, ; Martínez‐Crespo et al, ; Minghelli et al, ; Mohseni‐Bandpei et al, ; Trevelyan & Legg, ; Vidal et al, ). Figure shows the PRISMA flow diagram.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All of the 21 studies included in the review were cross‐sectional, and in all of them the outcome was the prevalence of LBP. Six studies focused on the point prevalence (Alghamdi et al, ; de Oliveira et al, ; Johnson et al, ; Korovessis et al, ; Noormohammadpour et al, ; Young et al, ), 4 on the 1‐ or 2‐week prevalence (Chiang et al, ; Grimmer & Williams, ; Mwaka et al, ; Vidal et al, ), 10 on the 1‐month prevalence (Akbar et al, ; Angarita‐Fonseca et al, ; Dianat et al, , ; Martínez‐Crespo et al, ; Mohseni‐Bandpei et al, ; Noormohammadpour et al, ; Oka et al, ; Trevelyan & Legg, ; Watson et al, ), 2 on the 1‐year prevalence (Alghadir et al, ; Minghelli et al, ) and 3 on the lifetime prevalence (Akbar et al, ; Noormohammadpour et al, ; Vidal et al, ). Table shows the main characteristics of the studies included in the review.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The association between the weight of schoolbags and low back pain among schoolchildren: A systematic review, meta‐analysis and individual patient data meta‐analysis

Calvo-Muñoz

Kovacs

Figuls

et al. 2019

European Journal of Pain

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Background The objective of this study was to determine whether carrying a heavy schoolbag is associated to a higher prevalence of low back pain (LBP). Methods A systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted (PROSPERO, CRD42018077839). Observational studies analysing the relationship between schoolbag weight and LBP, were searched for in 20 electronic databases and 12 specialized journals until February 28th, 2019, without date or language restrictions. All studies which included ≥ 50 subjects aged 9 to 16, were reviewed. Methodological quality was assessed by two reviewers separately, using validated tools. A meta‐analysis and an individual patient data (IPD) meta‐analysis were conducted to examine the relationship between schoolbag weight and LBP. Certainty of evidence was assessed using an adapted GRADE methodology. Results 5,524 citations were screened, 21 studies (18,296 subjects) were reviewed and 11 studies (9,188 subjects) were included in the meta‐analysis. The IPD meta‐analysis included 9,188 subjects from seven studies. Among the 21 studies reviewed, the mean score for methodological quality was 78.3 of 100. Only one study suggested an association between heavier schoolbags and LBP. Neither the meta‐analysis nor the IPD meta‐analysis found an association between carrying schoolbags weighing > 10% of bodyweight, and LBP. No differences based on age, gender or sport activity were found. Discussion Available evidence does not support that schoolbags weighing > 10% of bodyweight are associated with a higher prevalence of LBP among schoolchildren aged 9–16. The certainty of evidence is low. Further research is required on the relationship between schoolbag weight and LBP. Significance This systematic review, with a meta‐analysis and an IPD meta‐analysis, failed to find a link between schoolbags weighing ≥ 10% of body weight and LBP among schoolchildren aged 9 to 16. Further longitudinal studies, with large samples, long follow‐up periods, and rigorous methods taking into account duration of carry and the physical capacity of each subject, are required in this field.

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IoT-Enhanced Smart Carry to Prevent Spinal Cord Injury by Weight Monitoring

Varshitha,

Shreya,

Nidhi Shree

et al. 2023

2023 International Conference on Recent Advances in Science and Engineering Technology (ICRASET)

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A study of school bag weight and back pain among intermediate female students in Dammam City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Cited by 9 publications

References 16 publications

Back Pain and Schoolbags among Adolescents in Abha City, Southwestern Saudi Arabia

Back Pain and Schoolbags among Adolescents in Abha City, Southwestern Saudi Arabia

The association between the weight of schoolbags and low back pain among schoolchildren: A systematic review, meta‐analysis and individual patient data meta‐analysis

IoT-Enhanced Smart Carry to Prevent Spinal Cord Injury by Weight Monitoring

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