A Study of Selective Etching of Carbides in Steel

Voort, George Vander; Manilova, Elena; Michael, Joseph R.

doi:10.1017/s1431927604883375

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Following laser surface melting, the samples were cross‐sectioned, ground and polished. Metallographic characterization of the carbides was carried out using different etchant reagents (Davis, 1995; Vander Voort et al , 2004; Vander Voort & Manilova, 2005): Gröesbeck's (100 mL H 2 O, 10 g NaOH, 10 g KMnO 4 ) which reveals the carbides M 6 C and M 2 C, and alkaline sodium picrate (100 mL H 2 O, 2 g picric acid, 25 g NaOH), which colours the M 6 C carbides leaving the M 2 C type carbides unetched. Vilella's (100 mL ethanol, 5 mL HCl, 1 g picric acid) and Beraha's (100 mL H 2 O, 0.6 mL HCl, 1 g K 2 S 2 O 5 ) chemical etchants were used to observe the steel matrix structure, as these reagents reveal the martensite in the matrix of the steel.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Transmission electron microscopy provides both image and diffraction information from the same volume down to 1 μm in diameter, but the use of this technique involves tedious and difficult sample preparation (Romig, 2004). However in recent years, concurrently with the development of these techniques that enable the crystallography of carbides to be determined, metallography procedures (Vander Voort et al , 2004; Hetzner & Van Geertruyden, 2008) were being developed to qualitatively determine the type of carbides in high‐speed steel. Our research also shows that easier and faster identification of the solidification carbides from the laser‐melted steel in the laser surface layer is made possible by these metallography procedures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microstructural characterization of laser surface melted AISI M2 tool steel

Arias

Cabeza

Castro

et al. 2010

Journal of Microscopy

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SummaryWe describe the microstructure of Nd:YAG continuous wave laser surface melted high-speed steel, namely AISI M2, treated with different laser scanning speeds and beam diameters on its surface. Microstructural characterization of the remelted surface layer was performed using light optical and scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The combination of the three techniques provided new insights into the substantial changes induced by laser surface melting of the steel surface layer. The advantage of the method is that it avoids the difficult and tedious work of preparing samples of this hard material for transmission electron microscopy, which is the technique normally used to study these fine microstructures. A melted zone with a dendritic structure and a partially melted zone with a heterogeneous cellular structure were observed. M 2 C carbides with different morphologies were identified in the resolidified surface layer after laser melting.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural characterization of laser surface melted AISI M2 tool steel

Arias

Cabeza

Castro

et al. 2010

Journal of Microscopy

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“…To differentiate between different groups of carbides, selective etching was conducted. Samples were etched with Groesbeck's reagent [16,17]. The MC carbides are not attacked and appear in pink color; M 2 C are colored dark brown; M 6 C are outlined and colored blue or yellow; M 7 C 3 are faintly attacked and colored; and M 3 C is not affected.…”

Section: Experimental Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The MC carbides are not attacked and appear in pink color; M 2 C are colored dark brown; M 6 C are outlined and colored blue or yellow; M 7 C 3 are faintly attacked and colored; and M 3 C is not affected. To verify the results, the samples were also etched with Murakami reagent, which gives similar etching effects [16].…”

Section: Experimental Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Soaking on Segregation and Primary-Carbide Dissolution in Ingot-Cast Bearing Steel

Khan

2018

Metals

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In this work, segregation in the cast and hot worked structure, as well as the effects of soaking on macro and micro segregation, in hypereutectoid bearing steel produced by ingot casting were studied. Samples were selected from ingots that where either as cast or soaked for twenty hours. Two similar bearing steel grades were used for this investigation. For the as cast ingot, samples were selected from both A-segregation channel regions and the matrix region. Samples were also selected from hot-worked bars originating from ingots that had been soaked for four hours or twenty hours. Micro and macro examinations of the microstructures were conducted and compared. In addition, a segregation analysis of the substitutional solute elements was performed using EDX equipment mounted on a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). EMPA mapping of the composition pattern in the bulk, as well as the carbides, was conducted. Precipitation of M3C, M2C, and M6C was observed. The carbides at A-segregation channels were found to have a different morphology to those precipitated in the bulk matrix. After soaking at 1200 °C for 4 h, all the primary carbides are dissolved.

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Reverse Martensitic Transformation and Resulting Microstructure in a Cold Rolled Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel

Knutsson

Hedström

Odén

2008

steel research international

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The reverse martensitic transformation in cold‐rolled metastable austenitic stainless steel has been investigated via heat treatments performed for various temperatures and times. The microstructural evolution was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction and microscopy. Upon heat treatment, both diffusionless and diffusion‐controlled mechanisms determine the final microstructure. The diffusion reversion from α′‐martensite to austenite was found to be activated at about 450°C and the shear reversion is activated at higher temperatures with Af′ ~600°C. The resulting microstructure for isothermal heat treatment at 650°C was austenitic, which inherits the α′‐martensite lath morphology and is highly faulted. For isothermal heat treatments at temperatures above 700°C the faulted austenite was able to recrystallize and new austenite grains with a low defect density were formed. In addition, carbo‐nitride precipitation was observed for samples heat treated at these temperatures, which leads to an increasing Ms‐temperature and new α′‐martensite formation upon cooling.

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A Study of Selective Etching of Carbides in Steel

Abstract: Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, August 1–5, 2004.

Cited by 21 publications

References 1 publication

Microstructural characterization of laser surface melted AISI M2 tool steel

Microstructural characterization of laser surface melted AISI M2 tool steel

The Effect of Soaking on Segregation and Primary-Carbide Dissolution in Ingot-Cast Bearing Steel

Reverse Martensitic Transformation and Resulting Microstructure in a Cold Rolled Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel

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