A Study of the Diurnal Variations in Circulating Lymphocytes in Normal and Psychotic Subjects

Elmadjian, Fred; Pincus, Gregory

doi:10.1210/jcem-6-4-287

Cited by 65 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…The afternoon elevation in eosinophils is analogous to that observed for the lymphocytes by Elmadjian et al These authors related the lymphocyte changes to decreasing adrenal cortical activity as the day progresses (26). The afternoon elevation in eosinophils is analogous to that observed for the lymphocytes by Elmadjian et al These authors related the lymphocyte changes to decreasing adrenal cortical activity as the day progresses (26).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Studies on the Effect of Epinephrine on the Pituitary-Adrenocortical System*

Recant

Hume

Forsham

et al. 1950

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

160

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T N 1908, Babes and Jonescu observed that conditions of stress in man X and laboratory animals were associated with the depletion of suprarenal lipid. Multiple intravenous injections of epinephrine produced a similar depletion, accompanied by adrenal hypertrophy in rabbits (1). Vogt later demonstrated that following the administration of epinephrine, cortical hormones could be detected in the adrenal venous blood of cats and dogs (2). Long and Fry (3) studied this response of the adrenal cortex to epinephrine, using the assay of Sayers (4) for adrenal corticotropic hormone (ACTH). They described a significant ACTH release in response to injected epinephrine in normal rats; on the other hand, hypophysectomized rats failed to show this response, in spite of the fact that their adrenal cortices were maintained with exogenous pituitary hormone injections. From these data Long postulated that the effect of epinephrine on the adrenal cortex was mediated by the pituitary. Vogt subsequently reported similar differences between hypophysectomized and normal rats in response to epinephrine (5). This work provided additional support to the postulation of the mediatory role of the pituitary in the adrenal cortical changes induced by epinephrine.Selye pointed out the physiologic integration of neuro-endocrine responses to stress in his description of the general adaptation syndrome (6). He showed that adaptation is largely dependent upon the initial sympathetic reaction of the body to nonspecific stimuli. This reaction is then succeeded by the mobilization of the pituitary and adrenal cortical hormones. Epinephrine release affords the immediate protection, while the adrenal cortical hormones provide more sustained effects. The sequence of these reactions suggests a coordinating mechanism. Although epinephrine appears to be an important link in this integrated system, it has not been demonstrated conclusively to act upon the anterior pituitary, nor has it

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Studies on the Effect of Epinephrine on the Pituitary-Adrenocortical System*

Recant

Hume

Forsham

et al. 1950

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

160

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“…Since granulocytes and monocytes comprise > 60% of the total leucocytes, the variation in the number of total leucocytes slightly resembled this variation. This tendency was previously reported by us as well as by other investigators [3][4][5][6][7][8]. Since we have already reported the day-to-day variation and annual variation in some of these factors [16], we did not repeat it.…”

Section: Circadian Rhythm Of Granulocytes Lymphocytes and Monocytes supporting

confidence: 65%

Circadian rhythm of leucocytes and lymphocyte subsets and its possible correlation with the function of the autonomic nervous system

Suzuki

Toyabe

Moroda

et al. 1997

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

203

151

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SUMMARYThere are physiological variations in the levels of leucocytes. Among these, the circadian rhythm is very important in terms of the magnitude. Since newly identified lymphocyte subsets (i.e. extrathymic T cells) have recently been detected, a comprehensive study of the circadian rhythm was conducted. All leucocytes were found to vary in number or proportion with a circadian rhythm and were classified into two groups. One group-granulocytes, macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, extrathymic T cells, gd T cells, and CD8 þ subset-showed an increase in the daytime (i.e. daytime rhythm). The other group-T cells, B cells, ab T cells, and CD4 þ subset-showed an increase at night. Humans are active and show sympathetic nerve dominance in the daytime. Interestingly, granulocytes and lymphocyte subsets with the daytime rhythm were found to carry a high density of adrenergic receptors. On the other hand, lymphocyte subsets with the night rhythm carried a high proportion of cholinergic receptors. Reflecting this situation, exercise prominently increased the number of cells with the daytime rhythm. These results suggest that the levels of leucocytes may be under the regulation of the autonomic nervous system.

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“…Finally, a patient with Addison's disease has been studied while maintained on desoxycorticosterone acetate (1.25 mg. intramuscularly at 6 a.m. and 6 p.m.) and cortisone (6.25 mg. orally at 6 a.m. and 6 p.m.) (85). When he remained at bed rest and took identical food and fluid every six hours day and night, the 2The existence of such an adrenocortical rhythm in man is suggested by observations that the renal excretion of 17-ketosteroids (75)(76)(77)(78)(79), neutral reducing lipids (78), and uric acid (8,36,37) is less at night than during the day, as well as by the fact that the numbers of circulating lymphocytes (80) and eosinophils (81)(82)(83) (32). Alterations in the total daily excretion of water and solutes such as urea and phosphate related to increased food intake and protein catabolism during cortisone administration might induce changes in the diurnal excretory pattern.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%