A study of the effect of thickness on the thermal degradation and flammability characteristics of some composite materials using a cone calorimeter

Fateh, Talal; Kahanji, Charles; Joseph, Paul; Rogaume, Thomas

doi:10.1177/0734904117713690

Cited by 18 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The thermal degradation of the solid phase of composite type as well as the combustion of the gaseous pyrolysis products require the development of specific chemical models for the composite material. Advanced measurements on temperature-dependent, composite material property information on thermal conductivity, density, heat capacity, heat of pyrolysis and reactions Arrhenius parameters would require an extensive experimental effort [4,5]. Furthermore, each material component in the composite fuel may undergo several competing reactions, and each of these reactions may produce some other solid component (residue) and gaseous species.…”

Section: Phase Coupling Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The burn-through time of a composite fuselage depends on the material composition of resin/carbon fibres, thickness, burning flammability, physical properties, etc. [4,5]. During a post-crash fire, burn-through of the composite fuselage does not occur within 3 minutes [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4,5]. During a post-crash fire, burn-through of the composite fuselage does not occur within 3 minutes [5]. Ignition and propagation of composite-type aircraft fires are complex phenomena involving several scales defined from the smallest to the largest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of a Change from an Aluminium- to a Composite-Type Aircraft on Wind-Assisted Aviation-Fuel Fire Dynamics - a Numerical Study

Hy¹,

Wang²

2020

J Aerosp Eng Mech

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This numerical study focuses on the impact of a composite-type aircraft on a large aviation-fuel fire in a moving fluid medium. A pyrolysis model over surface of condensed fuel and composite material is incorporated, allowing to investigate the roles of the wind conditions on fire growth, heat flux distribution and smoke products. The outcome of the study indicates that interaction between composite-type aircraft and fire environment combined with the influence of wind conditions affects dramatically the continuous flame shape and consequently, the distribution of the incident heat fluxes to the engulfed fuselage. An increase of wind speed results in an alteration of flame cover where the fire and fuselage are of comparable size. The highest toxic products such as carbon monoxide and soot occur on the windward side of the fuselage for a low wind speed, but on the leeward side of the fuselage for a medium or high wind one. The flame spread rate over a composite-type aircraft is almost equal in magnitude for a medium or high wind speed, but about a factor 4 increase of that to the low wind one. As a consequence, the fire power from a composite-type aircraft represents an increase of about 30% in comparison with that from aluminium-type one with a wind speed above 5 m/s.

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Section: Phase Coupling Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of a Change from an Aluminium- to a Composite-Type Aircraft on Wind-Assisted Aviation-Fuel Fire Dynamics - a Numerical Study

Hy¹,

Wang²

2020

J Aerosp Eng Mech

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“…3 mm) and not on very thin films (below 100 microns). Owing to their higher surface area to volume ratio, thin films of the polymer are more flammable than thick articles of polymer 25,26 . With an objective to explore the use of phosphorous based FRs in thin TPU films, in this work the synthesis and evaluation of two ester‐based and two urethane‐based bicyclic phosphorous compounds has been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pentaerythritol derived phosphorous based bicyclic compounds as promising flame retardants for thermoplastic polyurethane films

Meena

Jacob

2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Imparting flame retardancy without melt dripping in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is a challenging task. In the current work, a series of pentaerythritol derived phosphorous based flame retardants (FRs labeled FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4) were synthesized, and their suitability for TPU thin films (<100 micron) was explored. Vertical flammability tests revealed that a blend of FR2 and TPU at 2% phosphorous content exhibited excellent flame suppression and complete stoppage of melt dripping whereas samples prepared from FR1 showed reduced melt drips. In comparison to FR1 and FR2, FR3 and FR4 manifested excessive nonflamed melt drips, which helps in removal of heat from the combustion cycle and self‐extinguishment. The limiting oxygen index value of flame retardant (FRTPU) blends reached up to 33.5% compared to 19% for pure TPU. Thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy studies suggest that blends of TPU with FR1 and FR2 display high char residue and condensed phase mechanism, whereas FR3 and FR4 blends show low char residue, working in the gas phase and by the removal of polymer from flame zone through melt dripping phenomena.

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“…Studies investigating the thermal decomposition of carbon fibre epoxy composites have been reported in the literature comprising the use of pyrolysis and thermogravimetric (TG) 8,9 measurements coupled with gas analysers, such as Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 3,10,11 or Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) 12,13 ; cone calorimetry used to evaluate the mass loss of the material throughout the test and where CO and CO 2 concentrations are measured in the exhaust duct 14,15 ; and the modelling of the thermodynamic properties and/or kinetic behaviour 16,17 has been considered.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Instrumentation for quantitative analysis of volatile compounds emission at elevated temperatures. Part 2: Analysis of carbon fibre reinforced epoxy composite

Lourenço

Francis

Fowler

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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optical cavity (analyte gas) consisting of three highly reflective mirrors which provides an effective optical pathlength of several kilometres. A photodetector is situated behind the last mirror, measuring the light intensity and specifically its energy decay is measured as a function of time, known as "ringdown". The ringdown time acts as a sensitive measure of optical absorption and profiles are transformed into an absorption spectrum, an example of which is shown in Fig. 3 (A). Gas concentration is determined by a multi-parameter fit to an absorption line shape 38. The technique is known to have negligible cross-sensitivity to other gases as a result of the high spectral resolution employed. Ambient air stabilisation was allowed prior to analysis. The sensor system exhaust duct was connected to the sampling inlet of the Picarro spectrometer, and exhaust gases were then safely vented into the fume cupboard. Calibrated gas concentrations expressed in parts-per-million (ppm) were drawn for CO measurement.

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A study of the effect of thickness on the thermal degradation and flammability characteristics of some composite materials using a cone calorimeter

Abstract: A study of the effect of thickness on the thermal degradation and flammability characteristics of some composite materials using a cone calorimeter Talal FATEH a* , Charles KAHANJI a , Paul JOSEPH b and Thomas ROGAUME c .

Cited by 18 publications

References 37 publications

Impact of a Change from an Aluminium- to a Composite-Type Aircraft on Wind-Assisted Aviation-Fuel Fire Dynamics - a Numerical Study

Impact of a Change from an Aluminium- to a Composite-Type Aircraft on Wind-Assisted Aviation-Fuel Fire Dynamics - a Numerical Study

Pentaerythritol derived phosphorous based bicyclic compounds as promising flame retardants for thermoplastic polyurethane films

Instrumentation for quantitative analysis of volatile compounds emission at elevated temperatures. Part 2: Analysis of carbon fibre reinforced epoxy composite

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