A Study of the Extraction of Pectin from Dried Lemon Peels

Abstract

Pectin was extracted from dried lemon peels using acid hydrolysis. Five process variables/factors were chosen for investigation; the extraction temperature, extraction time, pH, size of the peels and the peel to water mass ratio. Three response variables were monitored; the Yield (% Yield), Degree of Esterification (% DE) and Galacturonic Acid content (% GA). A duplicated 25 factorial design was conducted on dried peels. The extraction temperature, time, pH and size of the peel were found to be the most significant variables affecting the pectin yield. The most significant variable affecting the % GA was found to be the extraction time and the % DE was most significantly affected by the pH as well as the extraction temperature. A duplicated 24 design (peel size excluded as a process variable) on fresh wet peels was conducted in order to compare the results attained to those of dried peel extraction. Drying the peel therefore increased the greatest pectin yield attained, it had no drastic effect on the % GA, but it reduced the % DE of the pectin extract. A 24 design was also performed on wet peels that had been stored at atmospheric conditions for two days. The results were compared to those found from fresh wet peel extraction, in order to depict the need for drying the peel.

Application of Ionic Liquids in the Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Pectin from Lemon Peels

“…There were several conventional pectin extraction methods, such as boiling water extraction, acid extraction, ion exchange resin extraction, microbiological assay, and ammonium oxalate extraction [ 7 – 12 ]. These techniques are general tedious, time-consuming, labor-intensive, and/or involve a bulk amount of volatile/hazardous organic solvents or strong acid-base.…”