A study of the fracture mechanisms in pristine silica fibres utilising high speed imaging techniques

Tokmakov, K. V.; Cumming, A.; Hough, J.; Jones, R.; Kumar, Rahul; Reid, S.; Rowan, S.; Lockerbie, N. A.; Wanner, A.; Hammond, G.

doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2012.05.005

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The numerical prefactor of 3√14⁄ in equation 8 evaluates to 3.573. In comparison, an analysis of the fundamental frequency of a vibrating elastic bar [17, equation 15.11], gives an equation for 1 with the same dependencies as equation (8), and with an almost identical numerical prefactor, as well (although expressed differently)-of 3.561, in that case.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A system of four shadow-sensors was designed to be retro-fitted to an Advanced LIGO (or aLIGO, where the acronym LIGO stands for Laser Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory) test-mass/mirror suspension, in which a 40 kg test-mass is suspended by four fused silica fibres, the dimensions of the fibres being approximately 600 mm long by 0.4 mm in diameter [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. These shadow-sensors-one per suspension fibre-each comprised a 'synthesized split-photodiode' detector of shadow displacement, and a Near InfraRed (NIR:  = 890 nm) source of collimated illumination-this casting a shadow of the illuminated fibre onto the facing detector [9,10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Load-cell based characterization system for a “Violin-Mode” shadow-sensor in advanced LIGO suspensions

Lockerbie

Tokmakov

2016

Review of Scientific Instruments

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The background to this work was a prototype shadow sensor, which was designed for retro-fitting to an advanced LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory) test-mass/mirror suspension, in which 40 kg test-mass/mirrors are each suspended by four approximately 600 mm long by 0.4 mm diameter fused-silica suspension fibres. The shadow sensor comprised a LED source of Near InfraRed (NIR) radiation and a rectangular silicon photodiode detector, which, together, were to bracket the fibre under test. The aim was to detect transverse Violin-Mode resonances in the suspension fibres. Part of the testing procedure involved tensioning a silica fibre sample and translating it transversely through the illuminating NIR beam, so as to measure the DC responsivity of the detection system to fibre displacement. However, an equally important part of the procedure, reported here, was to keep the fibre under test stationary within the beam, whilst trying to detect low-level AC Violin-Mode resonances excited on the fibre, in order to confirm the primary function of the sensor. Therefore, a tensioning system, incorporating a load-cell readout, was built into the test fibre's holder. The fibre then was excited by a signal generator, audio power amplifier, and distant loudspeaker, and clear resonances were detected. A theory for the expected fundamental resonant frequency as a function of fibre tension was developed and is reported here, and this theory was found to match closely with the detected resonant frequencies as they varied with tension. Consequently, the resonances seen were identified as being proper Violin-Mode fundamental resonances of the fibre, and the operation of the Violin-Mode detection system was validated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Load-cell based characterization system for a “Violin-Mode” shadow-sensor in advanced LIGO suspensions

Lockerbie

Tokmakov

2016

Review of Scientific Instruments

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“…The maximum stress that the blade springs, fibers, and ribbons can tolerate is an important material property in the design of the suspensions, and it is difficult to predict what will be possible on a timescale of decades. The maximum stress of the LIGO silica fibers is 800 MPa [42], which provides a safety factor of about 6 for the breaking stress of fibers realized at the time the LIGO suspensions were designed [50]. Recent improvements to fused silica fiber fabrication suggest that fibers can be made with stresses of 1.2 GPa, which provides a safety factor of about 3 [51].…”

Section: A Suspension Thermal Noisementioning

confidence: 99%

Gravitational-wave physics with Cosmic Explorer: Limits to low-frequency sensitivity

et al. 2021

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Cosmic Explorer is a next-generation ground-based gravitational-wave observatory concept, envisioned to begin operation in the 2030s and expected to be capable of observing binary neutron star and black hole mergers back to the time of the first stars. Cosmic Explorer's sensitive band will extend below 10 Hz, where the design is predominantly limited by geophysical, thermal, and quantum noises. In this work, thermal, seismic, gravity-gradient, quantum, residual gas, scattered-light, and servo-control noises are analyzed in order to motivate facility and vacuum system design requirements, potential test mass suspensions, Newtonian noise reduction strategies, improved inertial sensors, and cryogenic control requirements. Our analysis shows that, with improved technologies, Cosmic Explorer can deliver a strain sensitivity better than 10 −23 Hz −1=2 down to 5 Hz. Our work refines and extends previous analysis of the Cosmic Explorer concept and outlines the key research areas needed to make this observatory a reality.

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“…The fibres are welded onto the ears with the masses in situ in the suspension structure, but, like the fibre production, the stock is now heated with laser light delivered to the welding site through a mirrored articulated arm, with which the welding area can be kept smaller and highly controlled. The development was supported by building five metal prototypes to evaluate mechanical behaviour, in-depth research into the strength of aLIGO fibres [ 50 ] and the assessment of expected thermal noise from the bonds [ 51 ]. It culminated in the installation of the final prototype, also including the quasi-monolithic fused-silica final stage, at the LASTI facility at MIT in 2010 [ 52 ].…”

Section: History Of the Development Of Fused-silica Mirror Suspensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quasi-monolithic mirror suspensions in ground-based gravitational-wave detectors: an overview and look to the future

Veggel

2018

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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At the commencement of a new era in astrophysics, with added information from direct detections of gravitational-wave (GW) signals, this paper is a testament to the quasi-monolithic suspensions of the test masses of the GW detectors that have enabled the opening of a new window on the universe. The quasi-monolithic suspensions are the final stages in the seismic isolation of the test masses in GW detectors, and are specifically designed to introduce as little thermal noise as possible. The history of the development of the fused-silica quasi-monolithic suspensions, which have been so essential for the first detections of GWs, is outlined and a glimpse into the status of research towards quasi-monolithic suspensions made of sapphire and silicon is given.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The promises of gravitational-wave astronomy’.

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A study of the fracture mechanisms in pristine silica fibres utilising high speed imaging techniques

Cited by 13 publications

References 57 publications

Load-cell based characterization system for a “Violin-Mode” shadow-sensor in advanced LIGO suspensions

Load-cell based characterization system for a “Violin-Mode” shadow-sensor in advanced LIGO suspensions

Gravitational-wave physics with Cosmic Explorer: Limits to low-frequency sensitivity

Quasi-monolithic mirror suspensions in ground-based gravitational-wave detectors: an overview and look to the future

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