A Study of the Mechanism of Edema Associated With Menstruation

Thorn, George W.; Nelson, Katherine R.; Thorn, Doris W.

doi:10.1210/endo-22-2-155

Cited by 169 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…Some, [64][65][66][67] but not all, [68][69][70] studies have found changes in weight over the menstrual cycle that are assumed to be associated with cyclical changes in food intake 71 and/or fluid retention. 66,72 Median and mean differences of o0.5 kg have been observed between the luteal and the follicular phases.…”

Section: Measurement Error and Fluid Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

The definition of weight maintenance

et al. 2005

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There is currently no consensus on the definition of weight maintenance in adults. Issues to consider in setting a standard definition include expert opinion, precedents set in previous studies, public health and clinical applications, comparability across body sizes, measurement error, normal weight fluctuations and biologic relevance. To be useful, this definition should indicate an amount of change less than is clinically relevant, but more than expected from measurement error or fluctuations in fluid balance under normal conditions. It is an advantage for the definition to be graded by body size and to be easily understood by the public as well as scientists. Taking all these factors into consideration, the authors recommend that long-term weight maintenance in adults be defined as a weight change of o3% of body weight.

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Section: Measurement Error and Fluid Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

The definition of weight maintenance

et al. 2005

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“…16 The serum lipid data presented are in gen- 21 The relatively lower phospholipid values of the present study are reflected in the higher C/P ratios. By paper electrophoresis, significant changes in the percentage of cholesterol in the a-and f-fractions of the lipoproteins were demonstrated during estrogen therapy.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 58%

Effects of Estrogen Therapy on Hormonal Functions and Serum Lipids in Men with Coronary Atherosclerosis

et al. 1956

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Middle-aged men with coronary atherosclerosis were studied before and at intervals after initiation of estrogen therapy over a 12-month period. Serum 365 study was indicated not only of the effects of estrogen on serum lipids but also on various endocrine functions when given over long periods and in large dosage to men. METHOD AND MATERIALA group of 51 men with myocardial infarction have been treated continuously with estrogen for periods of 6 to 48 months (average, 24 months). Of these, 20 middle-aged males (mean age, 50.5 years) were studied before and at intervals up to 1 year after initiation of therapy with 5 to 20 mg. (average, 10 mg.) daily of oral mixed conjugated estrogens (Premarin). This drug was selected for its freedom from production of nausea and vomiting, which permitted long-term administration. Twenty similar patients (mean age, 48.5 years) received placebo tablets and served as a group for comparison. The estrogen-treated and control groups were comparable as to incidence of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, hypertension, and diabetes.The effects of estrogen therapy were explained to both the patient and his wife, and their consent was obtained for the treatment. This precaution minimized any subsequent psychologic difficulties.Serum cholesterol was determined with the acidiron reagent of Zlatkis, Zak, and Boyle,5 after hydrolysis and extraction according to Abell, Levy, Brodie, and Kendall.6 In our hands, this technic yielded cholesterol values averaging 53 ± 1 mg.per cent lower than did the direct method of Zlatkis and co-workers (N = 350; s.d. = 22 mg. per cent). The high intrinsic sensitivity of the acid-iron reaction permitted convenient, routine cholesterol analyses on 0.2 ml. of serum.Lipid phosphorus was estimated by a micromethod involving re-extraction with petroleum ether7 of a dried ethanol-ether (3:1) extract of 0.2 ml. of serum, removal of solvent, wet-ashing ac-

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“…Whether it is 4 days before & after onset of menstruation or 6 days before & 2 days after manstruation is not clearly known. Going by the name Pre-menstrual the symptoms must disappear at onset of menstrual bleeding or it should be better called 'pre-menstrual syndrome' [10] a term which also falls short in including symptoms occurring at midcycle [11][12][13], menarche and menopause [14]. Although there are many different definitions of PMS, but the essence of all definitions is periodicity and the relationship between symptoms and the time of onset of menstruation [15].…”

Section: Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Problems Faced in Conducting Clinical Trials of Drugs in PMS

Jk¹,

Sj²,

Pp³

2011

Int J Med Clin Res

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Abstract-Introduction:Premenstrual syndrome is a psychoneuroendocrine disorder of unknown etiology. Even after > 80 years of its 1st description, its definition, presenting patterns , diagnostic plan and treatment modalities are surrounded by many questions and controversies. This results in a large number of studies with different criteria's and methodologies so that their results are not comparable. Objective : To descries variability in opinions about PMS and highlight problems encountered in designing and conduct of clinical trials of various drugs in premenstrual syndrome. Method : The literature available in journals since inception of the term Premenstrual syndrome was reviewed. Variability in opinions of different workers regarding definition of PMS, days of premenstruum, diagnostic parameters was recorded and analysed. The methodological constraints in clinical trials of PMS due to lack of consensus among workers are mentioned and some corrective measures are suggested. Results : There is no consensus among workers regarding different aspects of premenstrual syndrome resulting in difficulties in designing and conduct of clinical trials in PMS. Conclusion :The authorities and organizations involved in research on PMS must frame standard guidelines for acceptable criteria and trial designs. So that comparative study of different trials becomes possible. Large multicentric trials in identical groups of population at same period of time by uniformly trained investigators are another alternative. Further research to elucidate exact etiopathogenesis and treatment guidelines is essential.

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A Study of the Mechanism of Edema Associated With Menstruation

Cited by 169 publications

References 0 publications

The definition of weight maintenance

The definition of weight maintenance

Effects of Estrogen Therapy on Hormonal Functions and Serum Lipids in Men with Coronary Atherosclerosis

Problems Faced in Conducting Clinical Trials of Drugs in PMS

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