A study of the pattern of postembryonic growth of M. gracilis in mice

Kitiyakara, Amara; Angevine, D. Murray

doi:10.1016/0012-1606(63)90033-2

Cited by 41 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…This growth appears to be the same as that proposed for mammalian 231 M. R. BENNETT AND A. G. PETTIGREW twitch muscles in which the increase in length is by the addition of equal numbers of sarcomeres at each end of the myofibres (Kitiyakara & Angevine, 1963;Williams & Goldspink, 1971) rather than by the intercalation of new sarcomeres between the old ones. The further increase in length of the iliofibularis myofibres is consistent with the rate of sarcomere addition at either end of the myofibres remaining constant throughout development, as the original synapse on each myofibre remains in a central position throughout the growth of the muscle.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…Although tritiated adenosine is preferentially incorporated at the ends of most growing muscles (Williams & Goldspink, 1971, 1973 suggesting that these are the sites of sarcomere addition, radiographic studies show that wire markers implanted at two points along the length of growing muscles separate as the muscles grow (Crawford, 1950;Muhl & Grimm, 1974; see however Kitiyakara & Angevine, 1963) suggesting that sarcomeres are added throughout the muscles. However most of these authors suggest that the wire markers separate as a consequence of an increase in length of connective tissue in the muscle on which they insert, rather than that the myofibres grow at equal rates along their whole length.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The formation of synapses in amphibian striated muscle during development.

Bennett¹,

Pettigrew²

1975

The Journal of Physiology

103

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SUMMARY1. A study has been made of the formation of synapses in developing reinnervated and cross-reinnervated amphibian twitch muscles which receive either a focal (iliofibularis) or a distributed (sartorius) innervation from 'en plaque' nerve terminals using histological, ultrastructural and electrophysiological techniques.2. During the development of the tadpole through metamorphosis to the adult frog, the sartorius myofibres increased in length at about twice the rate of the iliofibularis myofibres, due to a fast rate of growth at their insertions on to the pelvic tendon.3 5. Reinnervation or cross-reinnervation of the sartorius and the iliofibularis muscles in adults or at a late stage of development simply reconstituted the normal focal and distributed innervation patterns of the muscles, as found in the control muscles of the contralateral and unoperated legs.6. These observations on synapse formation in amphibia are consistent M. R. BENNETT AND A. G. PETTIGREW with the hypothesis that during development the axon making the initial synaptic contact on the muscle cells induces a property over a length of muscle membrane adjacent to this site which makes it refractory to synapse formation; thus during reinnervation or cross-reinnervation of adult muscles this refractory property constrains synapse formation to these sites.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The formation of synapses in amphibian striated muscle during development.

Bennett¹,

Pettigrew²

1975

The Journal of Physiology

103

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“…If there were fewer fibres within the muscles of obese mice, it would indicate a difference in pre-natat development compared with lean mice since in mice the majority of muscle fibres are present at or soon after birth [5,6]-On the other hand, a decrease in the post-natal growth of fibres would be compatible with the other reported metabolic defects in ob/ob mice. Insulin is probably the most important physiological factor regulating the overall protein balance in skeletal muscle [7] since k not only stimulates the uptake of amino-acids and protein synthesis, [8] but also inhibits protein degradation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

A histochemical and morphological study of skeletal muscle from obese hyperglycaemic ob/ob mice

almond

Enser

1984

Diabetologia

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Summary. The histochemical and morphological charactefis= tics of muscles from lean and obese hyperglycaemic ob/ob mice were compared to determine the nature of the low skeletal muscle mass of the latter: Gastrocnemius and biceps brachii muscles from obese ob/ob mice were significantly lighter than those from lean mice; whereas the weights of soleus muscles were not significantly different. The small mass of the biceps brachii muscle resulted from a decrease in diameter of the large glycolytic fast white and fast intermediate fibres and a reduction in the proportion of fast white fibres.The size and frequency of the more oxidative fast red fibres was not different. The histochemical appearance of all fibre types studied from muscles in obese mice was identical to equivalent fibres in lean mice. The fat content of muscles from obese mice was three times greater than in lean mice whereas muscle DNA concentration was similar.Key words: Obese mice, muscle size, fibre type, fibre number, diabetes.Obese hyperglycaemic mice with the ob/ob genome have been used extensively as a model for Type 2 (noninsulin-dependent) diabetes. They are characterized by many abnormalities including hyperphagia, fasting hyperglycaemia, and hyperinsulinaemia. They have fewer insulin receptors and their tissues, particularly muscle, show a marked resistance to the normal metabolic actions of this hormone [1]. Obese mice have similar quantities of total body protein to lean mice [2]. However, extra protein present in their enlarged adipose tissue, liver, and intestine disguises a lower content of skeletal muscle protein [3,4].The smaller amount of muscle could be due to a decrease in the number of muscle fibres, or a reduced volume per fibre, or both. If there were fewer fibres within the muscles of obese mice, it would indicate a difference in pre-natat development compared with lean mice since in mice the majority of muscle fibres are present at or soon after birth [5, 6]-On the other hand, a decrease in the post-natal growth of fibres would be compatible with the other reported metabolic defects in ob/ob mice. Insulin is probably the most important physiological factor regulating the overall protein balance in skeletal muscle [7] since k not only stimulates the uptake of amino-acids and protein synthesis, [8] but also inhibits protein degradation. It is conceivable, therefore, that the inherent resistance of muscles from obese mice to the anabolic effects of insulin [9,10] could facilitate a decrease in the post-natal growth of this tissue. Plasma corticosteroid levels are also elevated in ob/ob mice [11,12] and may cause accelerated protein degradation and diversion of amino-acids into excessive gluconeogenesis [13]. If these metabolic abnormalities in obese mice are responsible for their decreased skeletal muscle mass, one would predict that fast and slow phasic muscles would respond differently, since either st~eptozotocin-induced diabetes [14] or corticosteroid injections in rats [15] cause large glycolytic fibres and fast phasic musc...

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“…In particular, their average length almost doubles (Ontell and Kozeka, 1984;Ontell et al, 1988). During post-natal growth, fibers elongate by the addition of nuclei at their ends (Kitiyakara and Angevine, 1963;Williams and Goldspink, 1971). This ensures that the nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio is maintained.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

During secondary myotube formation, primary myotubes preferentially absorb new nuclei at their ends

Zhang

McLennan

1995

Developmental Dynamics

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Developing muscles contain at least two types of myoblasts. Early myoblasts are the first myoblast to form and are the only myoblasts present during primary myotube formation. By the time secondary myotube formation begins, early myoblasts are rare and late myoblasts are common. The late myoblasts have been postulated to give rise to secondary myotubes. While this is generally accepted, it is unclear whether late myoblasts also contribute to the growth of primary myotubes. One study has produced evidence that myoblasts present during secondary myogenesis selectively fuse with each other or with secondary myotubes, but not with primary myotubes (Harris et al. 11989a1 Development 107:771-784). However, the sizes of primary myotubes increase during secondary myotube formation. We have therefore re-examined the question of whether primary myotubes absorb new nuclei during secondary myotube formation. Pregnant rats were given a single intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) on one embryonic day (from El3 to E19) and their embryos removed on E20. The brominated-nuclei were labelled with an antibody to BrdU and the myotubes were marked with anti-myosin antibodies. Double labelled sections from the soleus, tibialis anterior, and extensor digitorum longus muscles were examined with a confocal microscope. The numbers and locations of labelled nuclear profiles in primary and secondary myotubes were counted and recorded. The results show: (1) that primary myotubes absorb nuclei at all stages of development, including the period of secondary myotube formation; (2) that in the early stages of secondary myotube formation, more myoblasts fuse with primary than secondary myotubes whereas this situation is reversed by the end of secondary myotube formation; and (3) that the nuclei added to primary and secondary myotubes during the early stages of their formation are located within the middle of E20 muscles. The nuclei added to growing myotubes are preferentially located at the ends of the muscles. o 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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A study of the pattern of postembryonic growth of M. gracilis in mice

Cited by 41 publications

References 5 publications

The formation of synapses in amphibian striated muscle during development.

The formation of synapses in amphibian striated muscle during development.

A histochemical and morphological study of skeletal muscle from obese hyperglycaemic ob/ob mice

During secondary myotube formation, primary myotubes preferentially absorb new nuclei at their ends

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