A Study of the Physiological Effects of Carbon Black

Nau, Carl A.; Neal, J. L.; Stembridge, Vernie A.

doi:10.1080/00039896.1960.10662726

Cited by 35 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The agency has concluded that there is sufficient evidence that mineral oil used in occupations such as mulespinning , metal machining, and jute processing are carcinogenic to humans [IARC, 19841. In terms of volume of use, carbon black, extender oils, and solvents are important exposures in the rubber industry. None of these materials was associated with skin cancer in this study, The carcinogenicity of carbon black, in particular, has been a subject of controversy [Falk and Steiner, 1952;Von Haam and Mallette, 1952;Steiner, 1954;Nau et al, 1958;Qazi and Nau, 1975;Locati et al, 1979;IARC, 19821. There is evidence that the carcinogenicity of carbon black is directly proportional to particle size (inversely proportional to total surface area and ability to bind PAHs) [Falk and Steiner, 1952;Steiner, 19541. In this current study, we were unable to determine particle size, and consequently our measurement of carbon black may have been too crude to detect a true effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

A case‐control study of skin cancer in the tire and rubber manufacturing industry

Bourguet

Checkoway

Hulka

1987

American J Industrial Med

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A case-control study was conducted in the tire and rubber manufacturing industry to examine the association of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin with rubber manufacturing materials presumed to be contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Sixty-five cases were compared to 254 matched controls for exposure to carbon black, extender oils, lubricating oils, rubber solvents, and rubber stock. Both magnitude and duration of exposure were compared using data from company personnel records. Rubber stock and lubricating oils were associated with skin cancer. The relative risk (RR) associated with the highest levels of rubber stock exposure was 2.2, and with the highest level of lubricating oil exposure it was 6.5. In analysis of subgroups of study members, the associations were strongest among workers who were born after 1900 (rubber stock, RR = 11.6; lubricating oil, RR = 4.5) and among workers whose skin cancer was diagnosed before the age of seventy (rubber stock, RR = 23.2; lubricating oil, RR = 28.3).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

A case‐control study of skin cancer in the tire and rubber manufacturing industry

Bourguet

Checkoway

Hulka

1987

American J Industrial Med

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“…Mice, hamsters, guinea pigs and primates have been exposed to channel black and furnace black at 84.7 and 56.5 mg/m 3 , respectively, for 7 hr/day, five days/week for up to an entire life-span 28) . Radiographic examinations have revealed carbon deposition in the lungs of the mice and primates with little or no pulmonary fibrosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Negative Effect of Photocopier Toner on Alveolar Macrophages Determined by In Vitro Magnetometric Evaluation.

et al. 2002

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Photocopier toner has been implicated in the etiology of some pulmonary diseases. We examined here the in vitro toxicity of toner particles to alveolar macrophages. Cell magnetometry revealed that relaxation was not delayed in macrophages exposed to toner, which represents a rapid decrease in the remaining magnetism emitted by phagocytosed magnetite. However, relaxation was delayed in macrophages exposed to silica (positive controls). The release of intracellular LDH enzyme activity to the extracellular space was negligible in cells exposed to toner compared with negative and positive controls. Morphological examinations by light and electron microscopy revealed no abnormal findings in the exposed cells. A histochemical study using TUNEL staining and the electrophoretic profile of DNA obtained from cells exposed to toner and to silica were negative for apoptosis. The results of the present and other investigations into animal exposure indicate that photocopier toner is toxicologically inert. However, although the present study examined only effects in vitro, exposure to toner should be minimized because lung overloading in animals has been reported.

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“…It is noteworthy that the other species of animals (mouse, hamster, guinea pig, monkey) not examined since 1986 did not develop tumors after inhalation of carbon black particles [30,67]. The same applies to feeding experiments [53] and so-called skin painting experiments [20,47], which also remained without proof of tumor formation in the gastrointestinal tract or on the skin. Rats have been increasingly used as experimental animals since 1986.…”

Section: Animal Experimental Studiesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Exposure to carbon black: a cancer risk?

Brockmann

Fischer

Müller

1998

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

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Lung cancer is one of the most serious health problems in the industrial nations and is therefore of great public and scientific interest. Although inhalative cigarette smoking is without doubt the main cause for the increasing frequency of lung cancer, during recent years there has been more and more public interest in other substances in the environment or at the work place that are assumed to be potentially carcinogenic especially due to experiences with fibrous particles such as asbestos and their effects. Enhanced attention is also directed to inert or nuisance dusts such as carbon black. Evaluation of the possibly increased risk for humans should first be based on exact epidemiology data. In the absence of those data--as in the case of carbon black--experimental data in animals serve as the point of orientation, especially results gained in rats in long-term inhalation studies. Pathologic anatomy investigations of human lungs under similar exposure conditions, however, render results quite different from those obtained in rats and, thus, preclude ready interpretation of animal results to human risk assessment. This is particularly true for the development of lung tumors in rats under overload conditions as well as for certain tumor types not observed in human lung tissues. It is therefore quite understandable that many researchers propose to interpret the changes observed in rat lung tissues after inhalation of carbon black as rat-specific reaction mechanisms that cannot be applied to human tissues, which in the past have led to the wrong conclusions regarding human risk assessment due, among other factors, to incorrect experimental design and inaccurate nomenclature of tumorous lesions in rats.

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A Study of the Physiological Effects of Carbon Black

Cited by 35 publications

References 2 publications

A case‐control study of skin cancer in the tire and rubber manufacturing industry

A case‐control study of skin cancer in the tire and rubber manufacturing industry

Negative Effect of Photocopier Toner on Alveolar Macrophages Determined by In Vitro Magnetometric Evaluation.

Exposure to carbon black: a cancer risk?

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