A study of the probable transmission routes of MERS-CoV during the first hospital outbreak in the Republic of Korea

Xiao, Su; Li, Yuguo; Sung, Minki; Wei, Jianjian; Zhao, Yang

doi:10.1111/ina.12430

Cited by 84 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(69 reference statements)

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“…In addition, the hygiene criterion reveals that when developing strategies for hand and surface hygiene, we should consider the overall hand‐surface contact frequency and the primary species of pathogens in the environments. Since the net removal product NRP

r_{p} r_{s} - c_{p} c_{s}

equals

r_{p} r_{s} - α {c_{p}}^{2}

, it required higher hygiene frequencies in crowded environments with a large crowdedness

α

than those with a small crowdedness

α

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the net removal product NRP

r_{p} r_{s} - c_{p} c_{s}

equals

r_{p} r_{s} - α {c_{p}}^{2}

, it required higher hygiene frequencies in crowded environments with a large crowdedness

α

than those with a small crowdedness

α

to eliminate the contamination. For example, the hygiene requirements in hospitals in which dozens of inpatients share the same general medical ward will be higher than those in hospitals in which inpatients are widely distributed throughout several private patient wards . Moreover, the hand hygiene and surface cleaning targeted at removal of pathogens with strong environmental survivability, such as noroviruses, should be enhanced compared to those aimed at pathogens with high inactivation rates on surfaces, such as influenza viruses …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A surface contaminated by a particular source might be touched by several people, and these individuals then touch and contaminate other surfaces with their contaminated hands as they move around. As the surface touching goes on, the surface contaminations diffuse, as long as the source of contamination is strong enough . Several studies have found that frequent hand‐surface contact can lead to rapid diffusion of surface contamination, which follows a logistic growth trend.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hand hygiene and surface cleaning should be paired for prevention of fomite transmission

Lei

Cowling

2019

Indoor Air

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Touching contaminated surfaces might lead to the spread of pathogens, that is, the fomite transmission route. Although hand‐ and surface‐hygiene practices are potentially important non‐pharmaceutical interventions for the fomite route, the two interventions have been mostly studied separately in the literature. In this study, we develop a new conceptual model based on the law of mass action, analyze the temporal diffusion of contaminated surfaces and hands, and verify the model with simulations in an assumed norovirus outbreak in a buffet restaurant. A quantitative hygiene criterion is developed for the required frequency of surface disinfection and hand hygiene to control the fomite transmission in indoor environments. To eliminate surface contaminations, the product of pathogen‐removal rates (including hygiene and natural death) on hands and surfaces must be no smaller than that of the human hand and surface contact frequency (ie, the net removal product must be non‐negative). When the net removal product is negative, the number of contaminated surfaces and hands would show a logistic growth trend and finally approach the equilibrium. Our approach sheds light into how to optimize the combined use of hand hygiene and environmental decontamination for the best effectiveness under different settings.

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r_{p} r_{s} - c_{p} c_{s}

equals

r_{p} r_{s} - α {c_{p}}^{2}

, it required higher hygiene frequencies in crowded environments with a large crowdedness

α

than those with a small crowdedness

α

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the net removal product NRP

r_{p} r_{s} - c_{p} c_{s}

equals

r_{p} r_{s} - α {c_{p}}^{2}

, it required higher hygiene frequencies in crowded environments with a large crowdedness

α

than those with a small crowdedness

α

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hand hygiene and surface cleaning should be paired for prevention of fomite transmission

Lei

Cowling

2019

Indoor Air

Self Cite

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show abstract

“…[43] Virus remains viable for at least 48 hour on plastic and steel surfaces, presumably underpinning the extensive contamination of air and surfaces in hospitals housing patients with MERS. [64][65][66][67][68][69] The virus appears sensitive to standard heat and chemical inactivation measures.…”

Section: Virus Originsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An opportunistic Pathogen Afforded Ample Opportunities: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

Mackay

Arden

2017

Preprint

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The human coronaviruses (CoV) include HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1, some known for decades. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) CoV briefly emerged into the human population but was controlled. In 2012 another novel severely human pathogenic CoV -Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV was identified in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where 80% of over 2,000 human cases have been recorded across five years. Targeted research remains key to developing control strategies for MERS-CoV, a cause of mild illness in its camel reservoir. A new therapeutic toolbox being developed in response to MERS is also teaching us more about how CoVs cause disease. Travel-related cases continue to challenge the world's surveillance and response capabilities and more data are needed to understand unexplained primary transmission. Signs of genetic change have been recorded but it remains unclear whether any impact on clinical disease. How camels came to carry the virus remains academic to the control of MERS. To date, human-to-human transmission has been inefficient, but virus surveillance, characterisation and reporting are key to responding to any future change. MERS-CoV is not currently a pandemic threat; it is spread mainly with the aid of human habit and error.

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“…Laboratory-scale manual controlled experiments had proved that short distance airborne transmission of several infectious pathogens could occur from animal to animal [8,[10][11][12]. Field studies, mostly focused on human cases and presented as evidences of airborne transmission between individuals, rooms or residential buildings, had also demonstrated the existence of airborne transmission of virus and bacteria [2,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Homology detection using ERIC-PCR and REP-PCR was applied in animal farm to conduct the source identification of airborne E. coli surrounding swine house [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A tracing method of airborne bacteria transmission across built environments

Wang

Zheng

et al. 2019

Building and Environment

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A B S T R A C TDisease transmission across built environments has been found to be a serious health risk. Airborne transmission is a vital route of disease infection caused by bacteria and virus. However, tracing methods of airborne bacteria in both lab and field research failed to veritably express the transporting process of microorganism in the air. A new tracing method of airborne bacteria used for airborne transmission was put forward and demonstrated its feasibility by conducting a field evaluation on the basis of genetic modification and bioaerosol technology. A specific gene fragment (pFPV-mCherry fluorescent protein plasmid) was introduced into nonpathogenic E. coli DH5α as tracer bacteria by high-voltage electroporation. Gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing proved the success of the synthesis. Genetic stability, effect of aerosolization on the survival rate of tracer bacteria, and the application of the tracer bacteria to the airborne bacteria transmission were examined in both lab and field. Both the introduced plasmid stability rates of tracer E. coli in pre-aerosolization and post-aerosolization were above 95% in five test days. Survival rate of tracer E. coli at 97.5% ± 1.2% through aerosolization was obtained by an air-atomizer operated at an air pressure of 30 Psi. In the field experiment, the airborne transmission of E. coli between poultry houses was proved and emitted E. coli was more easily transmitted into self-house than adjacent house due to the ventilation design and weather condition. Our results suggested that the tracing method of airborne bacteria was available for the investigation of airborne microbial transmission across built environments.

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A study of the probable transmission routes of MERS-CoV during the first hospital outbreak in the Republic of Korea

Cited by 84 publications

References 44 publications

Hand hygiene and surface cleaning should be paired for prevention of fomite transmission

Hand hygiene and surface cleaning should be paired for prevention of fomite transmission

An opportunistic Pathogen Afforded Ample Opportunities: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

A tracing method of airborne bacteria transmission across built environments

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