A Study of the Psychological Effects of Strabismus

Lipton, Edgar L.

doi:10.1080/00797308.1970.11823279

Cited by 22 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Visual perception affects oculo-motor, coordination ability, spatial working memory, and nonverbal matrix reasoning, which is closely related to children’s reading ability and mathematical ability [11]. Previous reports show that strabismus children cannot maintain long-term attention due to being prone to asthenopia, and their attention span is flawed [12,13]. Strabismus patients have a higher incidence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) traits than normal individuals [14,15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Intelligence in Children with Exotropia

Sun

Wang

Shen

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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The effect of exotropia on the intelligence of children is unknown. This study aimed to assess the intelligence in children with exotropia and investigate the influence of the main clinical indexes of strabismus on intelligence. Eighty-four participants aged 8–12 years were enrolled, including 37 patients with exotropia (exotropia group) and 47 normal individuals (normal group). Intelligence was assessed by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition (WISC-IV), including the Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI), Working Memory Index (WMI), Processing Speed Index (PSI), and Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ). The exotropia group had a significantly lower PRI score but a higher PSI score than the normal group. However, there was no significant difference in the WMI, VCI, and FSIQ between groups. Multiple linear regression showed that PRI–WMI and PRI–PSI differences were significantly lower in the exotropia group. Inter-subscale correlations analysis showed that the pattern of intelligence structure was different between groups. The type of exotropia, angle of deviation, duration of symptoms, and stereoacuity had no effect on the intelligence of children with exotropia. Children with exotropia had a relatively worse performance in the perceptual reasoning skill but a better processing speed and a different pattern of intelligence structure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Intelligence in Children with Exotropia

Sun

Wang

Shen

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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“…5,31 Patients often attribute these difficulties to their strabismus 7,31 and as a result adopt behaviors to conceal their eyes. 28,31,33 In fact, some even express willingness to trade in part of their life expectancy in return for being rid of strabismus.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…12,13 In addition to the clear impact strabismus can have on a person's QoL, adults with strabismus experience higher levels of anxiety and depression 23,24 and report low selfimage, self-esteem, and self-confidence, 24,31,39 commonly describing themselves as "stupid", "ugly", and "different". 28 Strabismus may affect eye contact and make social communication awkward both for the individual with strabismus and the person interacting with them. As a result social functioning can also be impaired, with higher rates of social phobia and problems with social interactions reported in strabismus.…”

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confidence: 99%

The impact of strabismus on quality of life in adults with and without diplopia: a systematic review

McBain¹,

Au²,

Hancox³

et al. 2014

Survey of Ophthalmology

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“…in the form of a tendency to doubt and of insecurity in object relations" (p. 69). Edgar Lipton (1970) presented an in-depth exploration of the psychological impact of double vision.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…People with this condition often have histories of being unable to count on their visual experience of the world; they do embarrassingly clumsy things, have reading problems, and have diff iculty with any spontaneous coordination of vision with action. If the problem is suff iciently severe, they are self-conscious of their "crosseyed" or "wall-eyed" appearance, about which they have endured often merciless teasing (Lipton 1970). 2 "Most of our perceptions of the world are at least thought of in terms of some sense of vision.…”

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confidence: 99%

Analyzing the Traumatic Impact of Childhood Visual Impairment

Hertel

2003

J Am Psychoanal Assoc

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Material is presented from three analyses involving the impact on adult functioning of childhood trauma to the visual system. The clinical process by which unrecognized but ongoing traumatic reactions are identified for subsequent analysis is described. It is of particular importance, with these patients, to recognize their lifelong experience of visual confusion resulting from problems in their visual anatomy. Only then can fantasies and affects related to these physically induced states of confusion be worked through. Working through these reactions promotes the neutralization of related primitive narcissistic affects, mourning, and realistic accommodation, and leads to a more intact and integrated sense of self, and a marked increase in self-esteem. With this newly integrated sense of self, the complex interaction between physically induced confusion states and more typical developmental conflicts with objects can be worked through, resulting in more realistic and intense cathexes of the external world. The trauma suffered by these patients had been greatly compounded by its having gone unrecognized. To miss this yet again in an analysis is to repeat the past and retraumatize the patient. These findings have clear implications for patients with other biologically related symptoms (e.g., ADD, ADHD, and dyslexia).

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A Study of the Psychological Effects of Strabismus

Cited by 22 publications

References 13 publications

Characterization of Intelligence in Children with Exotropia

Characterization of Intelligence in Children with Exotropia

The impact of strabismus on quality of life in adults with and without diplopia: a systematic review

Analyzing the Traumatic Impact of Childhood Visual Impairment

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