A Study of the Response of the Human Cadaver Head to Impact

Hardy, Warren N.; Mason, Matthew J.; Foster, Craig D.; Shah, Chirag; Kopacz, James M.; Yang, King H.; King, Albert I.; Bishop, Jennifer; Bey, Michael J.; Anderst, William; Tashman, Scott

doi:10.4271/2007-22-0002

Cited by 210 publications

(411 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Biofidelic models of traumatic brain injury must describe large strains that often occur in vivo. 19 While this experiment can be modified to incorporate large strain by simply increasing the indentation depth, there is no large-strain analytic solution for cylindrical indentation of a viscoelastic layer. Computational strategies will be required in the future to extend this analysis into the large-strain domain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Head impacts may induce large brain deformations at high strains rates, 19 leading to spatially heterogeneous patterns of injury, 21,27, which depend on spatially heterogeneous material properties as well as interactions between the brain and the skull. 4,18,36 The aim of this study is to facilitate modeling of these phenomena by determining the spatial heterogeneity of material properties within the anatomical structures of the brain at short time scales.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Brain in the Sagittal Plane: Effects of Anatomical Structure and Age

et al. 2011

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Rat is the most commonly used animal model for the study of traumatic brain injury. Recent advances in imaging and computational modeling technology offer the promise of biomechanical models capable of resolving individual brain structures and offering greater insight into the causes and consequences of brain injury. However, there is insufficient data on the mechanical properties of brain structures available to populate these models. In this study, we used microindentation to determine viscoelastic properties of different anatomical structures in sagittal slices of juvenile and adult rat brain. We find that the rat brain is spatially heterogeneous in this anatomical plane supporting previous results in the coronal plane. In addition, the brain becomes stiffer and more heterogeneous as the animal matures. This dynamic, region-specific data will support the development of more biofidelic computational models of brain injury biomechanics and the testing of hypotheses about the manner in which different anatomical structures are injured in a head impact.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Brain in the Sagittal Plane: Effects of Anatomical Structure and Age

et al. 2011

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“…While these stresses are likely insufficient to cause bone fracture, they can induce transient focal cranial deformation that in turn propagates stress wave pulses to the underlying cortex, particularly during a lateral impact to the thin squamous temporal bone (Zhang et al, 2001). Hence, inclusion of loading force distribution to the cranium could enhance estimation of local tissue distress (i.e., Von Mises stress, principal and shear strain) related to injury (Hardy et al, 2007;King 2000;Kleiven 2006;Marjoux et al, 2008;Zhang et al, 2004). One of the primary functions of the helmet is to distribute an impact load across a sufficiently large contact area and duration to shield the underlying bone and neurovascular structures from mechanical distress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Evaluation of a flexible force sensor for measurement of helmet foam impact performance

Ouckama

Pearsall

2011

Journal of Biomechanics

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“…It has been previously validated against the brain's ICP, and shear and principal strains, under different impact loadings of cadaveric experimental tests of Hardy et al 7,15 In addition, Chafi et al examined the air-blast simulation using Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) multi-material formulation. 8 The study demonstrated that the fluid/structure interaction (FSI) can be simulated using a coupling algorithm in treating the fluid as a moving media, using a moving mesh and an using ALE formulation, as well as how the structure is treated on a deformable mesh using a Lagrangian formulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical Assessment of Brain Dynamic Responses Due to Blast Pressure Waves

2009

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A mechanized and integrated computational scheme is introduced to determine the human brain responses in an environment where the human head is exposed to explosions from trinitrotoluene (TNT), or other high-yield explosives, in military applications. The procedure is based on a three-dimensional (3-D) non-linear finite element method (FEM) that implements a simultaneous conduction of explosive detonation, shock wave propagation, blast-head interactions, and the confronting human head. The processes of blast propagation in the air and blast interaction with the head are modeled by an Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) multi-material FEM formulation, together with a penalty-based fluid/structure interaction (FSI) algorithm. Such a model has already been successfully validated against experimental data regarding air-free blast and plate-blast interactions. The human head model is a 3-D geometrically realistic configuration that has been previously validated against the brain intracranial pressure (ICP), as well as shear and principal strains under different impact loadings of cadaveric experimental tests of Hardy et al. [Hardy W. N., C. Foster, M. Mason, S. Chirag, J. Bishop, M. Bey, W. Anderst, and S. Tashman. A study of the response of the human cadaver head to impact. Proc. 51 ( st ) Stapp. Car Crash J. 17-80, 2007]. Different scenarios have been assumed to capture an appropriate picture of the brain response at a constant stand-off distance of nearly 80 cm from the core of the explosion, but exposed to different amounts of a highly explosive (HE) material such as TNT. The over-pressures at the vicinity of the head are in the range of about 2.4-8.7 atmosphere (atm), considering the reflected pressure from the head. The methodology provides brain ICP, maximum shear stresses and maximum principal strain within the milli-scale time frame of this highly dynamic phenomenon. While focusing on the two mechanical parameters of pressure, and also on the maximum shear stress and maximum principal strain to predict the brain injury, the research provides an assessment of the brain responses to different amounts of over-pressure. The research also demonstrates the ability to predict the ICP, as well as the stress and strain within the brain, due to such an event. The research cannot identify, however, the specific levels of ICP, stress and strain that necessarily lead to traumatic brain injury (TBI) because there is no access to experimental data regarding head-blast interactions.

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A Study of the Response of the Human Cadaver Head to Impact

Cited by 210 publications

References 31 publications

Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Brain in the Sagittal Plane: Effects of Anatomical Structure and Age

Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Brain in the Sagittal Plane: Effects of Anatomical Structure and Age

Evaluation of a flexible force sensor for measurement of helmet foam impact performance

Biomechanical Assessment of Brain Dynamic Responses Due to Blast Pressure Waves

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