A Study on Bio-Stabilisation of Sub-Standard Soil by Indigenous Soil Urease-Producing Bacteria

Abstract

Sub-standard soils are of great concern worldwide due to diverse economic losses and the possibility of severe environmental hazards ranging from catastrophic landslides, building collapse, and erosion to loss of lives and properties. This study explored the potential of urease-producing bacteria, <i>Bacillus cereus</i> and <i>Bacillus paramycoides</i>, to stabilise sub-standard soil bio-stabilisation. The maximum urease activity measured by <i>B. cereus</i> and <i>B. paramycoides</i> was 665 U/mL and 620 U/mL, respectively. <i>B. cereus</i> and <i>B. paramycoides</i> precipitated 943 ± 57 mg/L and 793 ± 51 mg/L of CaCO<sub>3</sub> at an optical density (425 nm) of 1.01 and 1.09 and pH 8.83 and 8.59, respectively, after 96 hours of incubation. SEM microstructural analysis of the precipitated CaCO<sub>3</sub> revealed crystals of various sizes (2.0–23.0 µm) with different morphologies. XRD analysis confirmed that the precipitated CaCO<sub>3</sub> comprised calcite and aragonite crystals. SEM analysis of the microstructure of organic and sandy clay soils treated with <i>B. cereus</i> and <i>B. paramycoides</i> showed the formation of bio-precipitated calcium carbonate deposits on the soil particles (biocementing soil grains), with <i>B. cereus</i> precipitating more CaCO<sub>3</sub> crystals with a better biocementing effect compared to <i>B. paramycoides</i>. Overall, the experimental results attributed CaCO<sub>3</sub> formation to bacterial-associated processes, suggesting that soil ureolytic bacteria are potentially useful to stabilise sub-standard soil.

Experimental Study on Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Sandy Soil by Combining Microbial Mineralization Technology with Silty Soil

“…Although these methods can improve the bearing capacity of the soil to a certain extent, there will be noise, construction difficulties, harmful gases, and other shortcomings. In recent years, MICP technology has been recognized as an emerging low-carbon and environmentally friendly microbial reinforcement technology [3,4], and it has been widely used to improve the soil stability [5,6], cure sandy soils [7][8][9], repair concrete cracks [10,11], treat contaminated soils [12,13], and enhance the erosion resistance of slopes [14,15]. According to the different types of metabolism, the main reaction mechanisms of MICP technology can be divided into the urea hydrolysis reaction [16][17][18], the denitrification process [19,20], the sulfur reduction process [21], the iron reduction process [22,23], and so on.…”