A Study on Electrofuels in Aviation

Goldmann, Andreas; Sauter, Waldemar; Oettinger, Marcel; Kluge, Tim; Schröder, Uwe; Seume, Joerg R.; Friedrichs, Jens; Dinkelacker, Friedrich

doi:10.3390/en11020392

Cited by 83 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Works on this area, mainly established by the efforts of the U.S. Army, denote the complexity of using ammonia and the economic requirements to use the molecule as fueling agent for aircrafts. Recent analyses conducted by Goldmann et al [38] show the high potential of ammonia as fuel replacement of jet fuel. Unfortunately, one of the markers that scored the lowest for ammonia was the specific energy of the fuel (MJ/kg), whilst in comparison, hydrogen showed the highest.…”

Section: Work Performed Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Predictions of a Swirl Combustor Using Complex Chemistry Fueled with Ammonia/Hydrogen Blends

et al. 2020

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Ammonia, a chemical that contains high hydrogen quantities, has been presented as a candidate for the production of clean power generation and aerospace propulsion. Although ammonia can deliver more hydrogen per unit volume than liquid hydrogen itself, the use of ammonia in combustion systems comes with the detrimental production of nitrogen oxides, which are emissions that have up to 300 times the greenhouse potential of carbon dioxide. This factor, combined with the lower energy density of ammonia, makes new studies crucial to enable the use of the molecule through methods that reduce emissions whilst ensuring that enough power is produced to support high-energy intensive applications. Thus, this paper presents a numerical study based on the use of novel reaction models employed to characterize ammonia combustion systems. The models are used to obtain Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations via Star-CCM+ with complex chemistry of a 70%–30% (mol) ammonia–hydrogen blend that is currently under investigations elsewhere. A fixed equivalence ratio (1.2), medium swirl (0.8), and confined conditions are employed to determine the flame and species propagation at various operating atmospheres and temperature inlet values. The study is then expanded to high inlet temperatures, high pressures, and high flowrates at different confinement boundary conditions. The results denote how the production of NOx emissions remains stable and under 400 ppm, whilst higher concentrations of both hydrogen and unreacted ammonia are found in the flue gases under high power conditions. The reduction of heat losses (thus higher temperature boundary conditions) has a crucial impact on further destruction of ammonia post-flame, with a raise in hydrogen, water, and nitrogen through the system, thus presenting an opportunity of combustion efficiency improvement of this blend by reducing heat losses. Final discussions are presented as a method to raise power whilst employing ammonia for gas turbine systems.

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Section: Work Performed Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Predictions of a Swirl Combustor Using Complex Chemistry Fueled with Ammonia/Hydrogen Blends

et al. 2020

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“…Furthermore, hydrogen can serve as a fuel for aviation, although hydrogen differs from current aviation fuel in terms of combustion properties, e.g., the linear flame speed. Thus, turbine technology adaptations would be necessary [42].…”

Section: Technology Portfoliomentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Residential Energy Supply: A Literature Review-Based Morphological Analysis

Arens¹,

Schlüters²,

Hanke³

et al. 2020

Energies

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The decarbonization of the energy system will bring substantial changes, from supranational regions to residential sites. This review investigates sustainable energy supply, applying a multi-sectoral approach from a residential site perspective, especially with focus on identifying crucial, plausible factors and their influence on the operation of the system. The traditionally separated mobility, heat, and electricity sectors are examined in more detail with regard to their decarbonization approaches. For every sector, available technologies, demand, and future perspectives are described. Furthermore, the benefits of cross-sectoral integration and technology coupling are examined, besides challenges to the electricity grid due to upcoming technologies, such as electric vehicles and heat pumps. Measures such as transport mode shift and improving building insulation can reduce the demand in their respective sector, although their impact remains uncertain. Moreover, flexibility measures such as Power to X or vehicle to grid couple the electricity sector to other sectors such as the mobility and heat sectors. Based on these findings, a morphological analysis is conducted. A morphological box is presented to summarize the major characteristics of the future residential energy system and investigate mutually incompatible pairs of factors. Lastly, the scenario space is further analyzed in terms of annual energy demand for a district.

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“…In this paper, an experimental platform is built, and the MSR heated by the waste heat of exhaust is studied in a plate-type. After a comprehensive comparison, the reaction mechanism and kinetic model in the literature [24] are selected for calculation. The same boundary conditions and parameters as the experiment are adopted.…”

Section: Model Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the same time, the hydrogen from MSR can be sent to the internal combustion engine, which improves fuel combustion efficiency [22]. Thus, MSR heated by exhaust is considered to be an effective form of waste heat recovery [23,24]. Mishra [25] designed an experimental system for hydrogen production from MSR heated by automobile exhaust, and mainly studied the effects of hydrogen flow rate and exhaust heat exchange rate, on exhaust composition and reaction performance, under different conditions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Performance Study on Methanol Steam Reforming Rib Micro-Reactor with Waste Heat Recovery

Wang

Chen

2020

Energies

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Automobile exhaust heat recovery is considered to be an effective means to enhance fuel utilization. The catalytic production of hydrogen by methanol steam reforming is an attractive option for onboard mobile applications, due to its many advantages. However, the reformers of conventional packed bed type suffer from axial temperature gradients and cold spots resulting from severe limitations of mass and heat transfer. These disadvantages limit reformers to a low efficiency of catalyst utilization. A novel rib microreactor was designed for the hydrogen production from methanol steam reforming heated by automobile exhaust, and the effect of inlet exhaust and methanol steam on reactor performance was numerically analyzed in detail, with computational fluid dynamics. The results showed that the best operating parameters were the counter flow, water-to-alcohol (W/A) of 1.3, exhaust inlet velocity of 1.1 m/s, and exhaust inlet temperature of 773 K, when the inlet velocity and inlet temperature of the reactant were 0.1 m/s and 493 K, respectively. At this condition, a methanol conversion of 99.4% and thermal efficiency of 28% were achieved, together with a hydrogen content of 69.6%.

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A Study on Electrofuels in Aviation

Cited by 83 publications

References 81 publications

Numerical Predictions of a Swirl Combustor Using Complex Chemistry Fueled with Ammonia/Hydrogen Blends

Numerical Predictions of a Swirl Combustor Using Complex Chemistry Fueled with Ammonia/Hydrogen Blends

Sustainable Residential Energy Supply: A Literature Review-Based Morphological Analysis

Performance Study on Methanol Steam Reforming Rib Micro-Reactor with Waste Heat Recovery

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