A Study on Knowledge and Awareness of Cervical Cancer Among Females of Rural and Urban Areas of Haryana, North India

Kadian, Lokesh; Gulshan, Gulshan; Sharma, Shivkant; Kumari, Indu; Yadav, Chetna; Nanda, Smiti; Yadav, Ritu

doi:10.1007/s13187-020-01712-6

Cited by 30 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This study found that overall knowledge about various aspects of cervical cancer was between 3.2 to 55.3 per cent (Table 2). Our findings are comparable to the study of Lokesh et al, 22 where a majority of the women from rural areas of Haryana a North Indian state had poor knowledge about symptoms and risk factors cervical cancer (55%). Our findings are also almost similar to those reported by a study conducted in Southern India, 23 and International Agencies for Research on Cancer 24 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Readiness for cancer cervix control in a North Indian population: Identifying the gaps

Arfin

Mahmood

Aḥmad

et al. 2021

Bangladesh J Med Sci

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Background: Cancer of the cervix is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths amongst women in India. Apart from the availability of healthcare services, awareness and attitude, the cornerstone of public health measures such as screening and vaccination are useful in the control of cervical cancer. There is a lack of studies regarding cervical cancer in the selected region. Objectives: To assess the knowledge of cervical cancer and its associated factors amongst rural women in a densely populated state of Northern India. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was undertaken for a period of one year, i.e., from April 2018 to March 2019, in five randomly selected villages of the Bakshi Ka Talab Block of District Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Systematic random sampling was performed to include females aged 15 years and above by a house to house survey. Trained social workers interviewed the consenting participants using a self-structured, pretested and validated questionnaire. The suitable statistical test was used to analyze the data. Results: The majority of the participants (n=300) were aged between 20- 24 years, and the mean age was 28.5 years. Sixty-four per cent of the females were married, and round 43.7% belonged to lower socioeconomic class. Nearly one third reported to have not heard of cervical cancer previously. The knowledge of the various aspects of cancer cervix varied from 3.2% to 55.3%. The most frequently recognized risk factors were early pregnancy (15.7%), giving birth to ≥ 3 children (13.2%) and early sexual initiation (11.7%). Majority of respondents (56.4 per cent) reported weakness to be the most common effect of leucorrhoea. Nearly half of females falsely perceived the actual cause of the leucorrhoea as excess heat in the body. None of the participants had either undergone screening for cervical cancer or had received HPV vaccination despite the availability of healthcare facilities within 30 kilometres. The educational and socioeconomic status were found to be significant predictors of knowledge of cervical cancer on multivariate logistic regression analysis Conclusion: A general lack of awareness has been noted regarding cervical cancer in the study population. None of the participants had undergone screening for cancer cervix or had been administered HPV vaccination, which points to a lack of healthcare utilisation. There is a need to sensitize the target population to the menace of cervical cancer and the usefulness of screening and HPV uptake. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(4) 2021 p.790-795

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Readiness for cancer cervix control in a North Indian population: Identifying the gaps

Arfin

Mahmood

Aḥmad

et al. 2021

Bangladesh J Med Sci

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“…in the urban area of New Delhi and 55% by Kadian et al . [ 15 16 17 ] Awareness regarding cervical cancer was poor among Indian women and was affected by educational status and urban-rural variation. This also shows the need for specific cancer awareness, especially the female cancers which are associated with stigma.…”

Section: Awareness About Common Cancersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer awareness and attitude towards cancer screening in India: A narrative review

Sahu

Subba

Giri

2020

J Family Med Prim Care

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Cancer awareness is the key to early detection and better health-seeking behaviour. Cancer is quite common in both developing as well as developed countries, but awareness is yet poor among the general population. Poor awareness may lead to poor uptake of screening modalities and delay in diagnosis. One factor that has been consistently shown to be associated with late diagnosis and treatment is a delay in seeking help for cancer-like symptoms. This paper reviews the literature on cancer awareness among the general population and attitude towards screening modalities. The poor awareness level among the Indian population shows the need for health education and sensitisation regarding cancer and its different aspects. This will be helpful in the successful implementation of health programmes related to cancer.

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“…High-risk factors for the development of squamous cell carcinoma include age, coitus, poor genital hygiene, low socioeconomic status, multiple sex partners, use of oral contraceptives, smoking cigarettes, infection with HSV type-2, HPV, immunosuppression, and abnormal pap smear [17]. Cervical cancer presents with bleeding after and before coitus, back pain, abdominal pain, leukorrhea discharge, malodor in the vagina, urinary urgency, and renal failure [4,18]. The commonest site for carcinoma is the squamo-columnar junction [4,17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carcinoma cervix is usually seen in the 5th decade of life [3]. Worldwide, particularly in developing countries like India, cervical cancer is a significant health problem [3,4]. Every year, in India, about 90,000 new cervical cancer cases are being reported [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In India, carcinoma cervix is diagnosed late, leading to low survival rates. This is due to a lack of screening methods, misconceptions about gynecological diseases, and poor awareness about cervical cancer [4]. The other factors that affect the diagnosis of cervical diseases are age, marital status, education, income, number of children, contraception use, lifestyle, attitude, limited knowledge about cervical carcinoma screening and prevention, less family support, lack of friendly patient-health services [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Histomorphological Spectrum of Cervical Lesions in a Rural Hospital

Vijayakumar

Sinha

Krishnamurthy³

2021

Cureus

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BackgroundPathologically the cervix is affected by infective, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases. Non-neoplastic lesions of the cervix are seen often in sexually active women. Inflammatory lesions include chronic granulomatous cervicitis, acute and chronic cervicitis. In India, cervical cancer is a significant health problem. Many factors contribute to the differences in the spectrum of cervical diseases in the rural population compared to urban areas, but the studies in these populations are scarce. Materials and methodsA retrospective analysis of all gynecological lesions over one year was studied. All case files were manually extracted, and the data was entered in an Excel sheet. The information included was clinical history (symptoms, signs, menstrual history, duration of illness, parity status), physical examination, per vaginal examination, investigations, including pathological diagnosis. The curated data was then analyzed using IBM SPSS for Windows version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). ResultsThere were 164 women in the study, with a mean age of 46.07 ± 8.17 years. A majority (n = 124, 75.6%) presented with excessive bleeding. Two-thirds of the study population had a normal cervix on examination. Twenty-seven women had squamous metaplasia, six had low-grade (LSIL) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), and one had malignancy. Excessive bleeding was significantly associated only with LSIL. Among the microscopic findings, only squamous metaplasia (p < 0.001) and dysplasia (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with the final diagnoses, such as LSIL, HSIL, and chronic cervicitis. ConclusionMost studies involving rural populations have involved the knowledge, attitude, and practices of the study cohort rather than the histomorphological spectrum of cervical lesions. Since these disorders are also influenced by education, parity, hygiene, and socioeconomic status, it behooves us to be aware of the spectrum of cervical lesions in a rural cohort who differ in these aspects when compared to urban populations. Most of such lesions of the cervix in the population that our medical institution served were benign in nature.

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A Study on Knowledge and Awareness of Cervical Cancer Among Females of Rural and Urban Areas of Haryana, North India

Cited by 30 publications

References 12 publications

Readiness for cancer cervix control in a North Indian population: Identifying the gaps

Readiness for cancer cervix control in a North Indian population: Identifying the gaps

Cancer awareness and attitude towards cancer screening in India: A narrative review

Histomorphological Spectrum of Cervical Lesions in a Rural Hospital

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