A Study on Phase Evolutions and Tensile-Shear Performance of Dissimilar Resistance Spot Welds Formed Between AISI 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel and AISI 321 Austenitic Stainless Steel

Badkoobeh, Farzad; Mostaan, Hossein; Rafiei, Mahdi; Bakhtiari, Ali Shojaee

doi:10.1007/s11665-022-07451-7

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…It could be said the substantial microstructural change in the HAZ structure of 321 ASS is solely grain growth, followed by HAZ softening. Badkoobeh et al 35 declared similar results for the HAZ of 321 ASS in the RSW of 430 ferritic stainless steel to 321 ASS. Kianersi et al 36 worked on the RSW behavior of AISI 316L ASS.…”

Section: Weldment Characterization and Mechanical Testsmentioning

confidence: 68%

Dissimilar joining of duplex AISI 2304 stainless steel/austenitic AISI 321 stainless steel using resistance spot welding technique: Microstructural evolutions, tensile-shear properties, and fracture analysis

Badkoobeh,

Mostaan,

Rafiei

et al. 2024

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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In this work, microstructural characteristics and mechanical performance of spot weld joints of AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel (ASS)/AISI 2304 duplex stainless steel (DSS) were experimentally assessed. The welding current and time were varied to determine their effects on the failure load/energy and mechanism of dissimilar welds. The weld metal (WM)’s microstructure had a ferritic matrix as well as a distribution of grain boundary, Widmanstätten, and transgranular austenite. Some precipitates were found in the weld. The heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the AISI 321 ASS did not experience extensive phase evolutions and only grain coarsening occurred. This led to the HAZ softening. While extensive phase transformations were identified in the HAZ of the AISI 2304 DSS. Its microstructure contained a ferrite matrix with Widmanstätten and grain boundary-type austenite. Such microstructure resulted in the HAZ strengthening. Alteration of the welding condition from 1 kA – 2 s to 3 kA – 2 s raised peak load (tensile-shear strength) from 9.7± 0.8 to 16± 1 kN and energy absorbed to fracture from 15.52 ±1 to 51.2± 2 J. Enhanced WM size was responsible for them. Finally, as welding condition reached 4 kA – 2 s, they would decrease to 14.4±1 kN and 41.76± 3 J, respectively. It arises from surface splash. Once the welding condition varied from 3 kA – 1 s to 3 kA – 3 s, the weld performance was promoted i.e., improvement of peak load from 13± 1 to 19.6± 0.5 kN and energy absorbed to fracture from 23.4±2 to 49±3 J. It results from the WM enlarged. Ultimately, welding condition of 3 kA – 4 s causes a degradation in the weld performance i.e., drop of peak load to 15.8±1 kN and energy absorbed to fracture to 33.18± 2 J. This was on account of surface splash. With reference to the fracture analysis, interfacial, single pull-out, and double pull-out fracture modes were characterized.

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Section: Weldment Characterization and Mechanical Testsmentioning

confidence: 68%

Dissimilar joining of duplex AISI 2304 stainless steel/austenitic AISI 321 stainless steel using resistance spot welding technique: Microstructural evolutions, tensile-shear properties, and fracture analysis

Badkoobeh,

Mostaan,

Rafiei

et al. 2024

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

Self Cite

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“…would affect these phenomena. 58,[61][62][63] A shear stress is applied in the sheets' interface during the tensile-shear test. The maximum shear stress applied τ WN can be calculated using equation ( 2) 57 :…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and tensile-shear behavior of dissimilar resistance spot welds between 2304 duplex stainless steel and Inconel 718 superalloy

Badkoobeh

Mostaan

Rafiei

et al. 2022

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L:

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Dissimilar joints between duplex stainless steels and nickel-based superalloys are of high significance in some industries. In this research, 2304 duplex stainless steel and Inconel 718 superalloy were welded by the resistance spot welding technique. The studies showed that the fusion zone microstructure was composed of a dendritic structure related to the grains of nickel-based solid solution ( γ-phase) and γ′ islands. The heat-affected zone microstructure of 2304 duplex stainless steel includes the austenite phase with a slight volume fraction and the ferrite phase with a high volume fraction. The austenite phase was formed with two morphologies of Widmanstätten and grain boundary allotriomorphs. The heat-affected zone microstructure of Inconel 718 superalloy also contained γ phase (nickel-based solid solution), annealing twins, and some precipitates. The results of the tensile-shear test revealed that tensile-shear strength (i.e. peak load) and fracture energy were increased by increasing the welding current from 1 to 2 kA and the welding time from 1 to 2 s. However, they were reduced by increasing the welding current from 2 to 4 kA and the welding time from 2 to 4 s. This was caused by the surface splash between the electrodes and the sheets. In the above-mentioned range, an increase in the welding current and time may also intensify the surface splash. It was also found that when the welding time was constant (i.e. 2 s), the spot weld obtained at the welding current of 1 kA failed by interfacial fracture mode. All spot welds obtained at the welding currents of 2, 3, and 4 kA failed by pull-out fracture mode. On the other hand, all spot welds associated with the welding times of 1, 2, 3, and 4 s failed by PF mode when the welding current was constant (i.e. 3 kA).

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“…Badkoobeh et al explored spot welds between AISI 430 and AISI 321 stainless steel plates. Increasing welding current and time improved peak load and failure energy, but optimal times for these improvements varied [8]. Hasanbaşoğlu et al investigated the effect of maximum current on the quality of welds between different materials joined by resistance spot welding and emphasized the importance of understanding issues related to joining different materials [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Development of a Portable Resistance Spot Welding Machine for Small-Scale Industries

Jha,

Jumde,

Kumar

et al. 2024

AMM

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Resistance spot welding (RSW) is a commonly used process in a variety of fields such as automotive, aerospace, household, furniture, and railway for welding sheet metal parts. These industries further demand a welding machine that is portable and versatile in terms of where it can be utilized, such as, among others, remote locations, and is cost and energy-efficient, reliable, and highly efficient performance-wise. With this aim, the work develops a portable spot-welding machine with specific specifications, of an electrode of 0.394 inches in diameter and 10 inches in length, made of copper, and transformer specifications of 6 V-1500 A with 7 variable current settings. This machine is designed to provide accurate, consistent, and reliable welding readings. Additionally, the machine works on an AC supply of 220 volts, making it easily usable. The machine is found to be cost-effective, with a development cost of only 6100 rupees. It has also been found to be reliable and effective in welding up to two 3 mm mild steel plates under different currents, resistivity, and voltage settings. The machine is simple to operate and user-friendly and with a compact and lightweight design, it is highly versatile and easy to operate for a wide range of welding applications.

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A Study on Phase Evolutions and Tensile-Shear Performance of Dissimilar Resistance Spot Welds Formed Between AISI 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel and AISI 321 Austenitic Stainless Steel

Cited by 7 publications

References 63 publications

Dissimilar joining of duplex AISI 2304 stainless steel/austenitic AISI 321 stainless steel using resistance spot welding technique: Microstructural evolutions, tensile-shear properties, and fracture analysis

Dissimilar joining of duplex AISI 2304 stainless steel/austenitic AISI 321 stainless steel using resistance spot welding technique: Microstructural evolutions, tensile-shear properties, and fracture analysis

Microstructure and tensile-shear behavior of dissimilar resistance spot welds between 2304 duplex stainless steel and Inconel 718 superalloy

Design and Development of a Portable Resistance Spot Welding Machine for Small-Scale Industries

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