A study on risk factors of hypertension among females residing in a rural block of West Bengal

Abstract

INTRODUCTIONIn the 2030 Agenda adopted by United Nations (UN) General Assembly which is basically a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity, reduction of noncommunicable diseases has been prioritized for sustainable development worldwide. In the view of this call to reduce burden by the UN, World Health Organization (WHO) came up with the 25 × 25 target and has committed to reduce premature mortality from NCDs by 25% by the year 2025.1 The leading cause of this premature mortality is cardiovascular diseases (CVD) which also accounts for over half of all correlate deaths.Under the NCD Global Monitoring Framework (NCD-GMF) by WHO, plans to reduce smoking and tobacco use, harmful alcohol use, salt intake, physical inactivity, and elevated blood pressure and glucose levels to reduce the risk of premature mortality from NCDs have been proposed. The framework targets to bring down tobacco use by 30%, harmful alcohol intake by 10%, salt consumption by 30%, prevalence of hypertension by 25%, control of CVD risk factors in at least 50% and stem the rising tide of obesity and diabetes.2 The sustainable development goals (SDGs) laid down by the UN, under Goal 3 and Target 4 aims for a 33% reduction of NCD mortality by 2030, achievement of which will ABSTRACT Background: A systematic review on the prevalence of HTN in India, for studies published between 1969 and July 2011, reported a range between 13.9 to 46.3% and 4.5 to 58.8% in urban and rural areas of India, respectively. Females are more negligent as far as health seeking behaviour is concerned. No study was found to report the status of risk factors of hypertension solely among the female population in this rural community of West Bengal. Thus, this study was undertaken with the purpose to highlight the status of known risk factors of hypertension among adults female population of a rural community of West Bengal. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study with systematic random sampling was conducted among 174 adult women residing in a rural area of West Bengal. Informed consent was obtained from the study participants. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on various risk factors of hypertension. Analysis was done using SPSS (v 16). Results: Among 174 study participants, 54% were found to be hypertensive at the time of examination. Score according to number of risk factors was calculated and found to range from 2-10, the attainable score being 0-14. Median Systolic and diastolic Blood pressure was found to be more in group of individuals with more score. Conclusions: Modifiable risk factors were found to be present in considerable proportion of the study participants.

Energy level engineering in transition-metal doped spinel-structured nanosheets for efficient overall water splitting

“…The HER performance of Fe-NiCo2O4@HNCP is much more outstanding than most of Ni(Co)-based electrocatalysts (Table S3), even approaching to that of metal phosphides (such as NiCoP, 36 CoPS, 37 CoP 38 ) in acidic electrolyte. To value the stability of the Fe-NiCo2O4@HNCP, a series of current densities (10,20,30,40, and 50 mA cm -2 ) were sequentially carried out for 10 h for both OER and HER (Figure 4e). Fe-NiCo2O4@HNCP exhibits superior durability with the overpotential showing almost no change under various current densities.…”

“…[5][6][7][8][9] To date, platinum-group metals and noble metal oxides (such as iridium oxide and ruthenium oxide) display unbeatable electrocatalytic activity to drive HER and OER. 10,11 However, the scarcity and high cost of precious noble metals make it necessary to search for low-cost ideal replacements with low overpotential, small Tafel slope and high exchange current density for sustainable electrocatalysis. 12 Recently, metal oxides (MOx; M = Ni, Co, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn) as electrocatalysts have attracted great interest for water splitting due to their efficient adsorption towards reaction intermediates.…”

Transition Metal Oxides as Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Solutions: An Application-Inspired Renaissance

“…Sun et al developed a hydrothermal method for the synthesis of highly active NiV LDH monolayers. 89 2D metal oxide and hydroxide catalysts were also obtained by annealing 90 or chemical oxidation 91 of ultrathin metal hydroxides, which were in turn prepared from molecular precursors.…”

Atomically thin non-layered nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion

“…Atomically thin Co3O4 nanosheets with a porous structure were prepared via a fastheating strategy for high-performance OER catalysis. 108 As is well known, the surface Co 3+…”

“…Atomically thin non-layered nanomaterials have been proven to be promising alternatives to noble metal compounds due to their high specific surface areas and tunable electronic structures. To date, a variety of atomically thin non-layered nanomaterials with exotic electronic properties have been successfully developed for efficient OER catalysis with high catalytic activities, including Co3O4, 96,108 NiCo2O4, 102 WO3, 109 iron-cobalt oxide, 112 ZnSe, 74 Co3S4, 79 CoSe2, 113,140 In2S3, 117 Ni3N, 104 Co-Bi/graphene, 121 etc. 141 For instance, 4atom-thick ZnSe nanosheets with unique structural and electronic properties were fabricated for efficient solar water splitting (Fig.…”