A Study on the Developmental Steps of Adolescent Gaming Addiction According to the Level of Engagement and Addiction : Separating Steps Through Latent Class Analysis and the Role of Related Variables

Internet, gaming, and smartphone usage patterns of children and adolescents in Korea: A c-CURE clinical cohort study

“…Using the 3-point DIA threshold scores, the pleasure-seeking (Class 1) and internal-use group (Class 2) were mild-risk groups, the problematic-use group was a moderate-risk group, and the pathological-use group was an addicted group. The moderate-risk and addicted group together accounted for 74.26%-significantly higher than the mild-risk group-which is in contrast with previous studies reporting only 20-30% of the participants to be problematic users (Kwon & Kwon, 2017;Wang et al, 2018). However, this study's data were collected through a clinical cohort study, where only participants who exceeded the cutoff criteria for self-reported addiction were included.…”

“…The latent classes of Internet addiction and use have previously been examined (Deleuze et al, 2015;Kwon & Kwon, 2017;Vermunt & Magidson, 2002;Wang et al, 2018); however, most analyses were based on aggregated sub-factor scores from the addiction scale or by the type and level of addictive behavior, rather than each item (Deleuze et al, 2015;Kwon & Kwon, 2017;Pickard, 2016). Previous research relied on self-report questionnaires; thus, the addiction level might be measured inaccurately because of the denial defense mechanism, a characteristic of addiction (Pickard, 2016).…”