“…Afterward, the present study embraces the Social Inequality Gap Reduction [ 10 ], which is buoyed by an abundance of literature that stresses that economically disadvantaged children benefit from ECAs more than privileged children [ 32 , 34 , 38 ]. In addition, this paper considered OOS activities supervised and organized by parents to enhance children’s ECA cognition, emotion, and self-efficacy [ 12 , 15 , 27 ]. Strangely, this paper found that children’s SES does not determine the chance of being in structured OOS visual art activities organized by private training schools, which aligns with the latest study assumption [ 32 ] and contradicts with Chinese literature that found the positive association between parental SES and the likelihood of their children participating in different ECAs [ 1 , 9 , 11 ].…”