“…To the best of authors’ knowledge, a well-expressed model which simultaneously combines dynamics and actuator properties of fish robots is rare. Most of delivered results only discussed partial models of fish robots, such as modeling of the fish tail, analyses of up-down motions and the backward dynamics of fish robots, four-link motion mechanisms (Nakashima and Ohgishi, 2003; Kim et al , 2008; Lin and Suebsaiprom, 2012; Kim et al , 2007), balance system in the fish head (Lin and Suebsaiprom, 2013; Leonard and Woolsey, 2002) and optimization designs of fish robots’ thrust or hydrodynamic forces (Cho et al , 2009; Kim et al , 2012; Lin et al , 2012; Wang and Yu, 2005). From the above survey of literature, it is easy to know that three-dimensional (3D) modeling of fish robots including all dynamics, kinematics and hydrodynamic effects is an important issue for developing a realistic fish prototype.…”