A Study to Determine Causal Relationships of Toxoplasmosis to Mental Retardation1

Mackie, Marlene Joyce; Fiscus, Alvin G.; Pallister, Philip D.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121315

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…High LA titers of anti- Toxoplasma antibodies might be regarded as predictive of the occurrence of either acute infection [26,27] or reinfections of toxoplasmosis [28]. In the present study, high Toxopla sma LA titers (≥ 1: 1024) were found in the most of seropositive PSC including both boys and girls.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Toxoplasma gondii infection: relationship between seroprevalence and risk factors among primary schoolchildren in the capital areas of Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, West Africa

et al. 2012

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BackgroundThe status of Toxoplasma gondii infection among primary schoolchildren (PSC) of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe (DRSTP), West Africa, remains unknown to date.MethodsA serologic survey and risk factors associated T. gondii infection among PSC in the DRSTP was assessed by the latex agglutination (LA) test and a questionnaire interview including parents’ occupation, various uncomfortable symptoms, histories of eating raw or undercooked food, drinking unboiled water, and raising pets, was conducted in October 2010. Schoolchildren from 4 primary schools located in the capital areas were selected, in total 255 serum samples were obtained by venipuncture, of which 123 serum samples were obtained from boys (9.8 ± 1.4 yrs) and 132 serum samples were obtained from girls (9.7 ± 1.3 yrs).ResultsThe overall seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 63.1% (161/255). No significant gender difference in seroprevalence was found between boys (62.6%, 77/123) and girls (63.6%, 84/132) (p = 0.9). The older age group of 10 years had insignificantly higher seroprevalence (69.9%, 58/83) than that of the younger age group of 8 year olds (67.7%, 21/31) (p = 0.8). It was noteworthy that the majority of seropositive PSC (75.8%, 122/161) had high LA titers of ≥1: 1024, indirectly indicating acute or repeated Toxoplasma infection. Parents whose jobs were non-skilled workers (73.1%) showed significantly higher seroprevalence than that of semiskilled- (53.9%) or skilled workers (48.8%) (p < 0.05). Children who had a history of raising cats also showed significantly higher seroprevalence than those who did not (p < 0.001).Children who claimed to have had recent ocular manifestation or headache, i.e. within 1 month, seemed to have insignificantly higher seroprevalence than those who did not (p > 0.05).ConclusionsParents’ educational level and cats kept indoors seemed to be the high risk factors for PSC in acquisition of T. gondii infection. While, ocular manifestation and/or headache of PSC should be checked for the possibility of being T. gondii elicited. Measures such as improving environmental hygiene and intensive educational intervention to both PSC and their parents should be performed immediately so as to reduce T. gondii infection of DRSTP inhabitants including PSC and adults.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Toxoplasma gondii infection: relationship between seroprevalence and risk factors among primary schoolchildren in the capital areas of Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, West Africa

et al. 2012

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“…Through a series of computations from the data of others, Hume concluded that toxoplasmosis is the cause of impairment in at least 4% of the population composed of the "mentally retarded and [those with] cerebral dysfunction" [416]. Interpretation of many of these studies, and those by workers who found little or no significant difference between mentally retarded and control populations [363,383,[417][418][419][420][421], is complicated by the high prevalence of acquired Toxoplasma infection among control subjects, which may mask the possible role of congenital toxoplasmosis in mental retardation (and other sequelae of encephalopathy, such as convulsions). For example, if the proportion of cases of mental retardation is small and the prevalence of T. gondii antibody titers in the control population is high, it is not possible with presently available diagnostic techniques to distinguish those cases in which T. gondii is the cause of mental retardation.…”

Section: Mental Retardationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another cause of the variations in reported results is the choice of controls. In many studies, subjects were not properly matched, and any difference or lack of difference found was due solely to differences in populations from which the patients were chosen [420].…”

Section: Mental Retardationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasmosis

Remington¹,

McLeod²,

Wilson³

et al. 2011

Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn

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“…3, Fig. 4) (Eichenwald 1960, Saxon et al 1973, McLeod et al 2006a); Table II (Wilson et al 1980), Table III (Eichenwald 1960), Table IV (Desmonts & Courveur 1974b),Table V (Saxon et al 1973) and Table VI (Eichenwald 1960, Hohlfeld 1989, Remington et al 2006) (Wolf & Cowen 1937–1939, 1939a, b, 1959, Dyke et al 1942, Paige et al 1942, Freudenberg 1947, Sabin & Feldman 1949, Verlinde & Makstenieks 1950, Frenkel & Friedlander 1952, Hall et al 1953, Kozar et al 1954, Bain et al 1956, Hogan et al 1957, Schubert 1957, Bruhl et al 1958, Aagaard & Melchior 1959, Eichenwald 1960, Hedenstrom et al 1961, Kvirikadze & Yourkova 1961, Couvreur & Desmonts 1962, 1964, Feldman 1963, Tós-Luty et al 1964, Siliaeva 1965, Kräubig 1966, Ristow 1966, Alford et al 1967, 1969, 1974, 1975, Justus 1968, Mussbichler 1968, Stern et al 1969, Couvreur 1971, Mackie et al 1971, Puissan et al 1971, Parissi 1973, Saxon et al 1973, Thalhammer 1973, Desmonts & Couvreur 1974a, b, 1984, O’Connor 1974, Puri et al 1974, Wright 1974, Cunningham et al 1976, Griscom et al 1977, Stagno et al 1977, Khodr & Matossian 1978, Hervei & Simon 1979, Collins & Cromwell 1980, Wilson et al 1980, Flamm & Aspöck 1981, Desmonts 1982, 1985, 1987, Koppe et al 1986, Koppe & ...…”

Section: Evidence That Medicines Can Treat Infections With T Gondii mentioning

confidence: 99%

Why prevent, diagnose and treat congenital toxoplasmosis?

McLeod

Kieffer²,

Sautter

et al. 2009

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

166

119

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Evidence that prevention, diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmosis is beneficial developed as follows: antiparasitic agents abrogate Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite growth, preventing destruction of infected, cultured, mammalian cells and cure active infections in experimental animals, including primates. They treat active infections in persons who are immune-compromised, limit destruction of retina by replicating parasites and thereby treat ocular toxoplasmosis and treat active infection in the fetus and infant. Outcomes of untreated congenital toxoplasmosis include adverse ocular and neurologic sequelae described in different countries and decades. Better outcomes are associated with treatment of infected infants throughout their first year of life. Shorter intervals between diagnosis and treatment in utero improve outcomes. A French approach for diagnosis and treatment of congenital toxoplasmosis in the fetus and infant can prevent toxoplasmosis and limit adverse sequelae. In addition, new data demonstrate that this French approach results in favorable outcomes with some early gestation infections. A standardized approach to diagnosis and treatment during gestation has not yet been applied generally in the USA. Nonetheless, a small, similar experience confirms that this French approach is feasible, safe, and results in favorable outcomes in the National Collaborative Chicago-based Congenital Toxoplasmosis Study cohort. Prompt diagnosis, prevention and treatment reduce adverse sequelae of congenital toxoplasmosis.Key words: congenital toxoplasmosis -prevention -treatment antimicrobial treatment of T. gondii in tissue culture and animal models eliminates actively replicating parasites and leads to prevention or resolution of signs of disease in these models (Eyles & Coleman 1953a, b, 1955a, b, Frenkel & Hitchings 1957, Garin et al. 1968, Brus et al. 1971, Beverley et al. 1973, Feldman 1973, Sheffield & Melton 1975, Grossman & Remington 1979, Garin & Paillard 1984, Mack & McLeod 1984, Picketty et al. 1990, Hohlfels et al. 1994, Schoondermarkvan de Ven et al. 1995, Derouin 2001, Meneceur et al. 2008; treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis in immune-compromised persons and of congenital toxoplasmosis in humans abrogates symptoms and signs of active infection and improves outcomes (Perkins et al. 1956, Kräubig 1963, Thalhammer 1969, Couvreur et al. 1984a, 1993, Desmonts & Couvreur 1984, Daffos et al. 1988, Hohlfeld et al. 1989, 1994a, b, Dannemann et al. 1992, 2006a, Torre et al. 1998, Boyer et al. 2000, Thulliez 2001, Brézin et al. 2003, Kim 2006, Berrebi et al. 2007, Petrof & McLeod 2002, SY-ROCOT et al. 2007, the more rapidly human congenital toxoplasmosis is diagnosed and treated, the shorter the time available for tissue destruction by the parasite and thus the better the outcomes , SYROCOT et al. 2007; and detection of the infection acquired during the gestation of the fetus and rapid initiation of treatment, is often associated with favorable outcomes (Daffos et al. 1988, Hohlfeld et al. 1989, Fo...

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A Study to Determine Causal Relationships of Toxoplasmosis to Mental Retardation1

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Toxoplasma gondii infection: relationship between seroprevalence and risk factors among primary schoolchildren in the capital areas of Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, West Africa

Toxoplasma gondii infection: relationship between seroprevalence and risk factors among primary schoolchildren in the capital areas of Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, West Africa

Toxoplasmosis

Why prevent, diagnose and treat congenital toxoplasmosis?

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