A succinct review of the treatment of Reverse Osmosis brines using Freeze Crystallization

Randall, D.G.; Nathoo, J.

doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2015.10.005

Cited by 98 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Therefore, this study may provide useful insights and operational data for the entire FD process. In addition to these challenges, FD also faces the difficulties of being accepted as a new technology from industries, especially when it is perceived as costly and mechanically complex (Randall and Nathoo, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freeze desalination of seawater using LNG cold energy

et al. 2016

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With the aid of cold energy from regasification of liquefied natural gas (LNG), freeze desalination (FD) is an emerging technology for seawater desalination because of its low energy characteristics and insensitivities to fouling problems. This work aims to investigate the major operating parameters of FD such as coolant temperature, freezing duration, supercooling, seeding, agitation, crystallizer material and subsequent washing procedure on ice production and water quality. It was found that the optimal freezing duration per batch was 1 h for an iron crystallizer and 1.5 h for a glass crystallizer. The optimal coolant temperature should be around -8 °C. The optimal amount of washing water to clean the raw ice was about 50 wt% of the raw ice. Over 50 wt% of the feed could be recovered as raw ice within 1 h, which means an overall ice recovery rate of higher than 25% (of the original seawater), considering the consumption of washing water. Both artificial and real seawater were tested under the optimized conditions. The total dissolved solid in the product ice was around 300 ppm, which met the World Health Organization (WHO) potable water salinity standard of 500 ppm. Therefore, the process parameters optimized in this study can be directly used for the freeze desalination of seawater.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freeze desalination of seawater using LNG cold energy

et al. 2016

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“…Freezing temperature plays crucial role in freezing process. The lower freezing temperature can provide stronger driving force for ice growth, but an excessively low temperature could cause large‐degree supercooling and rapid ice growth rate, which would lead to some impurities were incorporated to ice crystals and thus making poor ice purity . The effect of ice formation rate on ice purity was also observed by Yu et al ., who witnessed the entrapment of proteins in the growing ice layer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressive Freezing Method for Concentrating Tetrahydrofuran (THF) Remained in Grignard Reagent Wastewater

et al. 2019

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Progressive freezing technology was developed as a promising method to concentrate tetrahydrofuran (THF) remained in Grignard reagent wastewater. Effects of freezing temperature, ice formation rate, and seeding ice on ice purity were characterized. Results indicated the peak removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) with the concentration of 3,050 mg⋅L−1 occurred at the lowest ice formation rate of 20% and −4.0°C. The minimal ice electrical conductivity happened at −6.0°C with the ice formation rate of 40%. Seeding ice improved ice purity in the range of −0.5 to −1.0°C. Subsequent test ran in plant revealed the potential application of this approach to concentrate THF from Grignard reagent wastewater. COD removal efficiency peaked at 98.09% at the stirring rate of 200 rpm and the cooling gear of 1 block. Moreover, the theoretical energy consumption was 38.26 kW⋅h per one ton of wastewater.

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“…These approaches tend to lose valuable substances in the wastewater, including NaE, aminophenol, and certain inorganic salts. In recent years, the freezing technology has proved to be a cost‐effective and environmentally friendly method in wastewater treatment (Lewis et al., ; Randall & Nathoo, ; Rostmark, Colombo, Knutsson, & Öberg, ). It can not only reduce the volume of wastewater, but also purify water and recover salt(s).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovering sodium erythorbate from wastewater through freeze crystallization technology

Chen

Song

Wang

et al. 2019

Water Environment Research

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Eutectic freeze crystallization was developed to recover sodium erythorbate (NaE) from wastewater at pHs 4.1, 5.3, and 6.5. Two substances (A and B) were sequentially recovered from the samples. The recovery rate of substance A was 2.06, 1.83, and 3.03 g/L at pHs 4.1, 5.3, and 6.5, respectively; while that of B was 5.51, 3.09, and 3.26 g/L at the corresponding pHs. The analysis results of the two recovered substances indicated that substance A was mostly Na2SO4·10H2O, while substance B was mainly NaE. Salt recovery was most successful at pH 4.1 with the purity of recovered NaE reaching 87.53 wt%. Moreover, the chemical oxygen demand and electric conductivity of the ice were far smaller than the initial wastewater. The concentration effect was minimal due to the formation of Na2SO4·10H2O and NaE crystals. This combined crystallization strategy can potentially become an economic technology to recover NaE from wastewater. Segregation of NaE and Na2SO4·10H2O during the freeze crystallization process. Recovering 5.53 kg NaE with the purity of 87.53 wt% from 1 m3 wastewater. Decreasing chemical oxygen demand and electric conductivity of wastewater through freeze crystallization technology.

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A succinct review of the treatment of Reverse Osmosis brines using Freeze Crystallization

Cited by 98 publications

References 52 publications

Freeze desalination of seawater using LNG cold energy

Freeze desalination of seawater using LNG cold energy

Progressive Freezing Method for Concentrating Tetrahydrofuran (THF) Remained in Grignard Reagent Wastewater

Recovering sodium erythorbate from wastewater through freeze crystallization technology

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