A Suggestion on How to Compare 2D and 3D Laparoscopy: A Qualitative Analysis of the Literature and Randomized Pilot Study

Basic Laparoscopic Skills Training Is Equally Effective Using 2D Compared to 3D Visualization: A Randomized Controlled Trial

“…On the other hand, more experienced surgeons may already have adapted so well to 2D vision that the advantage of better depth perception through 3D vision may not lead to a substantial benefit. In this regard, previous studies suggest that 3D may be more beneficial for less experienced trainees [5,19,20]. However, at least one study in the educational setting evaluating laparoscopic vaginal cuff closure during total laparoscopic hysterectomy by surgeons-in-training could not show any significant difference between 2D and 3D vision in the time needed for completion of this surgical step, and also the surgeons' subjective rating of the "ease of cuff closure" did not differ between groups [8].…”

“…In order to overcome the challenge of 2D imaging, 3D visualization was developed and improved over the years [4]. Today, most hospitals have not yet adopted 3D systems as a standard equipment, because they are more expensive and so far, studies analyzing the possible advantages of 3D compared to 2D visualization have shown conflicting results [5]. Additionally, different side effects related to 3D visualization, such as dizziness, nausea, discomfort, eye strain, or tiredness have been reported [4].…”

“…Additionally, different side effects related to 3D visualization, such as dizziness, nausea, discomfort, eye strain, or tiredness have been reported [4]. However, more recent studies using third-generation 3D equipment show improved performance and a reduction in surgical time and errors [4,5]. This seems to be true especially for more complex surgical procedures.…”

“…However, since most of the difficulties in acquiring BLS arise from the challenges of 2D to 3D orientation and the resulting difficulties in depth perception, it would be of great interest whether 3D might have advantages over conventional 2D imaging for BLS training, thereby shortening learning curves and increasing efficiency. Most of the studies published on the comparison of 3D and 2D visualization, including those evaluating simulation settings, had limitations such as use of first-or second-generation 3D techniques, lack of consideration of prior laparoscopic experience, evaluation of nonstandardized procedures, or analysis of subjective data [5].…”

3D Versus 4K Display System – Influence of “State-of-the-art”-Display Technique on Surgical Performance (IDOSP-study) in Minimally Invasive Surgery

“…Multiple parameters are described that could lead to a conflict of evidence in the published literature about the 3D display technique: studies of different time periods, unconsidered experience level of the participants, inadequate tasks or surgical procedures, equipment not at eye level, inadequate study design, unconsidered learning curves, subjective qualitative reports and chosen outcome variables. 12 , 13 The IDOSP-Trial tried to consider these factors to generate high level evidence.…”