A Suite of Exercises for Verifying Dynamic Earthquake Rupture Codes

Harris, Ruth; Barall, Michael; Aagaard, Brad T.; Ma, Shuo; Roten, Daniel; Olsen, Kim B.; Duan, Benchun; Liu, Dunyu; Luo, Bin; Bai, K.; Ampuero, Jean‐Paul; Kaneko, Yoshihiro; Gabriel, Alice‐Agnes; Duru, Kenneth; Ulrich, Thomas; Wollherr, Stephanie; Shi, Zhengwei; Dunham, Eric M.; Bydlon, Sam; Zhang, Zhenguo; Chen, Xiaofei; Somala, S.; Pelties, Christian; Tago, Josué; Cruz‐Atienza, V. M.; Kozdon, Jeremy E.; Daub, E. G.; Aslam, Khurram; Kase, Yoshihiro; Withers, K.; Dalguer, L. A.

doi:10.1785/0220170222

Cited by 197 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Harris et al, 2018]. End-to-end optimization Heinecke et al, 2014;Breuer et al, 2015Breuer et al, , 2016Rettenberger and Bader , 2015;Rettenberger et al, 2016] targeting high efficiency on high-performance computing infrastructure includes a ten-fold speedup by an efficient local time-stepping algorithm [Uphoff et al, 2017].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landers 1992 "reloaded": Integrative dynamic earthquake rupture modeling

Gabriel

Wollherr

Schliwa

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Key Points:• A new integrative physics-based simulation of the 1992 Landers earthquake reproduces a broad range of independent observation • Sustained dynamic rupture interconnecting the complex fault segments constraints pre-stress and fault strength • We discuss the interplay of rupture transfers, geometric fault complexity, initial stress, viscoelastic attenuation, and off-fault plasticity AbstractThe 1992 M w 7.3 Landers earthquake is perhaps one of the best studied seismic events. However, many aspects of the dynamics of the rupture process are still puzzling, e.g. how did rupture transfer between fault segments? We present 3D spontaneous dynamic rupture simulations of a new degree of realism, incorporating the interplay of fault geometry, topography, 3D rheology, off-fault plasticity and viscoelastic attenuation. The surprisingly unique scenario reproduces a broad range of observations, including final slip distribution, seismic moment-rate function, seismic waveform characteristics and peak ground velocities, as well as shallow slip deficits and mapped off-fault deformation patterns. Sustained dynamic rupture of all fault segments in general, and rupture transfers in particular, put strong constraints on amplitude and orientation of initial fault stresses and friction. Source dynamics include dynamic triggering over large distances and direct branching; rupture terminates spontaneously on most of the principal fault segments. We achieve good agreement between synthetic and observed waveform characteristics and associated peak ground velocities. Despite very complex rupture evolution, ground motion variability is close to what is commonly assumed in Ground Motion Prediction Equations. We examine the effects of variations in modeling parameterization, e.g. purely elastic setups or models neglecting viscoelastic attenuation, in comparison to our preferred model. Our integrative dynamic modeling approach demonstrates the potential of consistent in-scale earthquake rupture simulations for augmenting earthquake source observations and improving the understanding of earthquake source physics of complex, segmented fault systems.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landers 1992 "reloaded": Integrative dynamic earthquake rupture modeling

Gabriel

Wollherr

Schliwa

et al. 2018

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The simulations are conducted with the SPECFEM3D software (Galvez et al, ; Kaneko et al, ; Tromp et al, ), which was verified in the Southern California Earthquake Center‐U.S. Geological Survey dynamic rupture code verification benchmark (Harris et al, , ). We verified that the final slip is similar in the three models (differences are of about 10%).…”

Section: Changes In Near‐field Ground Motion During a Supershear Ruptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does a Damaged‐Fault Zone Mitigate the Near‐Field Impact of Supershear Earthquakes?—Application to the 2018 7.5 Palu, Indonesia, Earthquake

Oral

Weng

Ampuero

2020

Geophysical Research Letters

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The impact of earthquakes can be severely aggravated by cascading secondary hazards. The 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu, Indonesia, earthquake led to devastating tsunamis and landslides, while triggered submarine landslides possibly contributed substantially to generate the tsunami. The rupture was supershear over most of its length, but its speed was unexpectedly slow for a supershear event, between the S wave velocity VS and Eshelby's speed 2VS, an unstable speed range in conventional theory. Here, we investigate whether dynamic rupture models including a low‐velocity fault zone can reproduce such a steady supershear rupture with a relatively low speed. We then examine numerically how this peculiar feature of the Palu earthquake could have affected the near‐field ground motion and thus the secondary hazards. Our findings suggest that the presence of a low‐velocity fault zone can explain the unexpected rupture speed and may have mitigated the near‐field ground motion and the induced landslides in Palu.

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“…To generate a rupture with comparable size of the 2012 Nicoya earthquake, we then conduct a series of nucleation tests by ensuring a reasonable rupture speed (<0.8 V s) until the rupture becomes spontaneously dynamic. This is also termed time weakening (e.g., Andrews, ; Harris et al, ). Through the trial‐and‐error process, we eventually increased the initial stress to 15.5 MPa in a circle with a radius of 7 km and decreased the strength to 14 MPa in a 2.5‐km‐radius circle for the Xue locking model, both being centered at the hypocenter of the 2012 Nicoya earthquake.…”

Section: Deriving Rupture Scenarios From Interseismic Locking Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deriving Rupture Scenarios From Interseismic Locking Distributions Along the Subduction Megathrust

Yang

Yao

et al. 2019

JGR Solid Earth

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Given recent advances in geodetic data, interseismic locking models along the megathrust now become useful to qualitatively evaluate future earthquake potential. However, an individual earthquake's true rupture potential is challenging, as it depends on more than just a static image of prior locking. Here, we test the determinism of interseismic locking models using spontaneous rupture simulations and the well-resolved processes associated with the 2012 moment magnitude (Mw) 7.6 Nicoya earthquake. To do so, we estimate initial megathrust stress from locking by assuming that the entire slip deficit will be released in the next megathrust earthquake. Then we initiate spontaneous ruptures at the hypocenter of the 2012 Nicoya earthquake. We find scenarios that approximate the same coseismic slip distribution and final earthquake moment magnitude as obtained from seismic and geodetic observations, demonstrating that deriving potential rupture scenarios from interseismic locking is feasible. We also find that spontaneous rupture scenarios from different locking models differ in moment rate duration and thus ground motion prediction, although the final slip distribution and moment magnitude were similar. The results highlight that quantifying rupture scenarios and ground motions from reliable locking models by dynamic rupture simulations can be an effective tool for seismic hazard assessment in subduction zones. Key Points:• We conduct numerical simulations of rupture scenarios based on interseismic locking models • Our simulated earthquake scenario is well consistent with kinematic models of the 2012 Mw 7.6 Nicoya earthquake • Details of rupture process and synthetic waveforms depend on the choice of the input locking model Supporting Information:• Supporting Information S1• Movie S1Note that the dynamic cohesive zone size is smaller than the static one (Day et al., 2005). Therefore, we tested mesh grid sizes of 400, 300, 250, and 200 m on the fault interface during dynamic rupture simulations. The results show that the final slip patterns are stable for 300, 250, and 200 m, while the slip amplitudes and moment magnitudes slightly differ ( Figure S2). Based on the grid size test, we select 250 m as the

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A Suite of Exercises for Verifying Dynamic Earthquake Rupture Codes

Cited by 197 publications

References 50 publications

Landers 1992 "reloaded": Integrative dynamic earthquake rupture modeling

Landers 1992 "reloaded": Integrative dynamic earthquake rupture modeling

Does a Damaged‐Fault Zone Mitigate the Near‐Field Impact of Supershear Earthquakes?—Application to the 2018 7.5 Palu, Indonesia, Earthquake

Deriving Rupture Scenarios From Interseismic Locking Distributions Along the Subduction Megathrust

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