The measurement of reliable Cu(I) protein binding affinities requires
competing reference ligands with similar binding strengths; however, the
literature on such reference ligands is not only sparse but often conflicting.
To address this deficiency, we have created and characterized a series of
water-soluble monovalent copper ligands, MCL-1, MCL-2, and MCL-3, that form
well-defined, air-stable, and colorless complexes with Cu(I) in aqueous
solution. Concluding from X-ray structural data, electrochemical measurements,
and an extensive network of equilibrium titrations, all three ligands form
discrete Cu(I) complexes with 1:1 stoichiometry and are capable of buffering
Cu(I) concentrations between 10−10 and 10−17
M. As most Cu(I) protein affinities have been obtained from competition
experiments with bathocuproine disulfonate (BCS) or 2,2′-bicinchoninic
acid (BCA), we further calibrated their Cu(I) stability constants against the
MCL-series. To demonstrate the application of these reagents, we determined the
Cu(I) binding affinity of CusF (logK = 14.3±0.1), a
periplasmic metalloprotein required for the detoxification of elevated copper
levels in E. coli. Altogether, this interconnected set of
affinity standards establishes a reliable foundation that will facilitate the
precise determination of Cu(I) binding affinities of proteins and small molecule
ligands.