A super-stretchable and thermally stable hydrogel electrolyte for high performance supercapacitor with wide operation temperature

Montmorillonite-based materials for electrochemical energy storage

“…5k) through a facile thermal-initiated radical polymerization method. 102 It was found that the introduction of layered MMT efficiently improved the thermal stability (Fig. 5i) and constructed a conductive channel (Fig.…”

“…99,101 MMT as an inorganic filler is also widely introduced in various polymer-based hydrogel GPEs mainly for improving their mechanical strength, thermal stability, and environmental tolerance. 99,[102][103][104] For instance, Z. H. Liu and coworkers prepared a novel MMT flake/PVA (F-MMT/PVA) organic hydrogel GPE for a flexible symmetrical fiber solid-state supercapacitor. 104 Owing to the well-distributed MMT nanoflakes in the PVA matrix (Fig.…”

“…99,101 MMT as an inorganic filler is also widely introduced in various polymer-based hydrogel GPEs mainly for improving their mechanical strength, thermal stability, and environmental tolerance. 99,102–104…”

Wide-Temperature-Range Flexible Supercapacitors Using a Multipurpose Organogel Electrolyte

“…35−41 The most common strategy is to introduce organic solvent (glycerin, dimethyl sulfoxide, and ethylene glycol) into hydrogels, 42,43 but the introduction of organogels using novel antifreeze is rarely reported. 44,45 At the same time, the introduction of organic solvents usually weakens the mechanical properties and ionic conductivity of the hydrogel electrolytes. 46 So, designing a new gel electrolyte with a wide temperature range, excellent mechanical properties, and capacitive properties is a great challenge.…”

“…First of all, traditional hydrogel electrolytes contain a large amount of solvent water, which will inevitably freeze at subzero temperatures, significantly weakening the ionic conductivity or even losing. Second, at high temperature or room temperature, the internal water molecules cannot exist stably and are volatile, resulting in a loss of performance. − Finally, the operating voltage of hydrogel electrolytes is generally just within a relatively small potential window (0.8–1.0 V), which is because when the voltage reaches 1.23 V, the water will split, limiting its energy density. , At present, the study of wide-temperature-resistant hydrogel electrolytes has made a breakthrough, but there are still some places that can be improved in this field. − The most common strategy is to introduce organic solvent (glycerin, dimethyl sulfoxide, and ethylene glycol) into hydrogels, , but the introduction of organogels using novel antifreeze is rarely reported. , At the same time, the introduction of organic solvents usually weakens the mechanical properties and ionic conductivity of the hydrogel electrolytes . So, designing a new gel electrolyte with a wide temperature range, excellent mechanical properties, and capacitive properties is a great challenge.…”