Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENS) and Their Mode of ActionFor sequence-specific genome engineering and its biotechnological and medical applications various systems were tested. Most recent tools include designer nucleases and the bacteria derived clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system using short RNA to induce precise cleavage at endogenous genomic loci [1,2]. Designer nucleases are mainly represented by zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) [3][4][5][6][7], combining features of a customized DNA binding motif for sequence-specific DNA binding domain and a nuclease for introduction of doubled-strand DNA (dsDNA) breaks at the target site.TALENs are a promising new class of designer nucleases that can be specifically designed to bind DNA sequences of interest and to introduce dsDNA breaks. They are chimeric proteins consisting of a N-terminal nuclear localization signal, a central DNA binding domain and a C-terminal FokI nuclease domain. The DNA binding domain originates from transcription activator like effectors (TALEs) of the bacterial plant pathogen Xanthomonas, used by this bacterium to alter the expression of several host genes [8]. Its main characteristic is a central repeat region consisting of a variable number of incomplete tandem repeats that are usually comprised of 33-35 amino acids (aa) that are identical except for the hypervariable repeat-variable diresidue (RVD) at a positions 12 and 13 [6]. With some degree of degeneracy, the RVD of each repeat is specific for binding a corresponding nucleotide in their contiguous target DNA sequence [6,8]. The C-terminal FokI domain provides non-specific endonuclease activity and similar to ZFNs, binding of the TALE domains upstream and downstream of the respective DNA target and subsequent dimerization at the FokI nuclease domain lead to dsDNA breaks. It is of note that the spacer between the TALEN DNA binding sites needs to be considered when designing novel TALENs [6,7]. After binding, dsDNA breaks are introduced which can than activate cellular pathways either leading to homologous recombination in the presence of the respective homologous donor
AbstractIt has long been envisaged that gene disruption or gene correction in affected target cells can be efficiently conducted in vitro and in vivo and over the recent years several tools for achieving this goal were developed. Designer nucleases such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) were extensively explored and more recently transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) were introduced for sequence-specific genome engineering in the mammalian genome. ZFNs and TALENs are fusion proteins containing a customized DNA-binding motif for sequence-specific DNA binding linked to a nuclease for introduction of double-stranded DNA breaks. Both systems were explored in mammalian cells using non-viral and viral delivery methods. Herein, we will provide a state-ofthe-art overview of available virus-base...