A survey of Aflatoxin M1 in some commercial milk samples and infant formula milk samples in Goa, India

Kanungo, Lizy; Bhand, Sunil

doi:10.1080/09540105.2013.837031

Cited by 22 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Higher levels of AFM 1 in animal milk samples from Pakistan are also reported by Ismail et al (2016) , according to which 93% out of a total of 520 milk samples were found positive for AFM 1 , while 53% samples were reported exceeding the EU maximum limit for AFM 1 in milk (0.05 μg/L). Kanungo and Bhand (2015) reported the level of AFM 1 in IFM samples from India and found that all samples had AFM 1 above the maximum EU limits. The range of AFM 1 in IFM samples was 0.501-0.713 μg/kg.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Aflatoxin M₁ and Heavy Metals in Infant Formula Milk Brands Available in Pakistani Markets

Akhtar

Shahzad

Yoo

et al. 2017

Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources

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Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) after its bioconversion from aflatoxin B1 in animal liver becomes the part of milk while heavy metals get entry into milk and milk products during handling in the supply chain. Aflatoxin M1 and heavy metals being toxic compounds are needed to be monitored continuously to avoid any ailments among consumers of foods contaminated with such toxicants. Thirteen commercially available infant formula milk (IFM) brands available in Pakistani markets were analyzed for the quantitative determination of AFM1 and heavy metals through ELISA and atomic absorption spectrophotometer, respectively. AFM1 was found positive in 53.84% samples while 30.76% samples were found exceeding the maximum EU limit i.e. 0.025 μg/kg for AFM1 in IFM. Heavy metals lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were found below the detection limits in any of the sample, whereas the concentrations of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) ranged between 45.40-97.10, 29.72-113.50 and <0.001-50.90 μg/kg, respectively. The concentration of Fe in all the tested brands was found in normal ranges while the concentrations of Zn and Ni were found exceeding the standard norms. Elevated levels of AFM1, Zn and Ni in some of the tested IFM brands indicated that a diet completely based on these IFM brands might pose sever health implications in the most vulnerable community i.e., infants.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Aflatoxin M₁ and Heavy Metals in Infant Formula Milk Brands Available in Pakistani Markets

Akhtar

Shahzad

Yoo

et al. 2017

Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources

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“…AFM 1 levels in a high percentage of samples were found to exceed the limit of 50 ng/kg set in the EU, and many samples crossed the 10-fold higher limit permitted in other regions of the world. In particular, the high AFM 1 levels detected in infant formula in two studies in India [ 30 , 32 ] and in sweets in Pakistan [ 42 ] raise concerns. Thus, as these products are consumed by vulnerable parts of the population, they should be included in future sampling plans for AFM 1 analysis in Bangladesh.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Presence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and Milk Products in Bangladesh

Sumon

Islam

Mohanto

et al. 2021

Toxins

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As milk provides both micro- and macronutrients, it is an important component in the diet. However, the presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the feed of dairy cattle results in contamination of milk and dairy products with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a toxic metabolite of the carcinogenic mycotoxin. With the aim to determine AFM1 concentrations in milk and milk products consumed in Bangladesh, in total, 145 samples were collected in four divisional regions (Sylhet, Dhaka, Chittagong, and Rajshahi). The samples comprised these categories: raw milk (n = 105), pasteurized milk (n = 15), ultra-high temperature (UHT)-treated milk (n = 15), fermented milk products such as yogurt (n = 5), and milk powder (n = 5). AFM1 levels in these samples were determined through competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Overall, AFM1 was present in 78.6% of milk and milk products in the range of 5.0 to 198.7 ng/L. AFM1 was detected in 71.4% of raw milk (mean 41.1, range 5.0–198.7 ng/L), and in all pasteurized milk (mean 106, range 17.2–187.7 ng/L) and UHT milk (mean 73, range 12.2–146.9 ng/L) samples. Lower AFM1 levels were found in yogurt (mean 16.9, range 8.3–41.1 ng/L) and milk powder samples (mean 6.6, range 5.9–7.0 ng/L). About one-third of the raw, pasteurized, and UHT milk samples exceeded the EU regulatory limit (50 ng/L) for AFM1 in milk, while AFM1 levels in yogurt and milk powder samples were well below this limit. Regarding regions, lower AFM1 contamination was observed in Chittagong (mean 6.6, max 10.6 ng/L), compared to Sylhet (mean 53.7, max 198.7 ng/L), Dhaka (mean 37.8, max 97.2 ng/L), and Rajshahi (mean 34.8, max 131.4 ng/L). Yet, no significant difference was observed in AFM1 levels between summer and winter season. In conclusion, the observed frequency and levels of aflatoxin contamination raise concern and must encourage further monitoring of AFM1 in milk and milk products in Bangladesh.

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“…More recently, Akhtar et al [21] determined the AFM 1 presence in infant formulae in Pakistan, evaluating 13 samples, in which 53.84% of the samples were positive to the toxin presence and 30.76% exceeded the EU limit. Kanungo and Bhand [22] evaluated the AFM 1 presence in infant formulae in India, determining that in 72 evaluated samples, all of them were above the EU permitted limit (25 ng/kg) and 75% of the samples exceeded the USA and Indian Food regulation limit (500 ng/kg). Er et al [4] published a study evaluating the AFM 1 presence in infant formula in Turkey, evaluating 84 samples with only one sample positive for the toxin.…”

Section: Occurrence Of Afm 1 In Infant Formulaementioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxin M1 Determination in Infant Formulae Distributed in Monterrey, Mexico

Quevedo-Garza

Amador-Espejo

Salas-García

et al. 2020

Toxins

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The occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in infant formulae commercialized in the metropolitan area of Monterrey (Nuevo León, Mexico) was determined by using immunoaffinity column clean-up followed by HPLC determination with fluorimetric detection. For this, 55 infant formula powders were classified in two groups, starter (49 samples) and follow-on (6 samples) formulae. Eleven of the evaluated samples (20%) presented values above the permissible limit set by the European Union for infant formulae (25 ng/L), ranging from 40 to 450 ng/L. The estimated daily intake (EDI) for AFM1 was determined employing the average body weight (bw) of the groups of age in the ranges of 0–6 and 6–12 months, and 1–2 years. The results evidenced high intake values, ranging from 1.56 to 14 ng/kg bw/day, depending on the group. Finally, with the EDI value, the carcinogenic risk index was determined, presenting a high risk for all the evaluated groups. Based on these results, it is a necessary extra effort by the regulatory agencies to reduce the AFM1 presence in infant formulae consumed in Mexico.

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A survey of Aflatoxin M1 in some commercial milk samples and infant formula milk samples in Goa, India

Cited by 22 publications

References 22 publications

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 and Heavy Metals in Infant Formula Milk Brands Available in Pakistani Markets

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 and Heavy Metals in Infant Formula Milk Brands Available in Pakistani Markets

The Presence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and Milk Products in Bangladesh

Aflatoxin M1 Determination in Infant Formulae Distributed in Monterrey, Mexico

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Determination of Aflatoxin M₁ and Heavy Metals in Infant Formula Milk Brands Available in Pakistani Markets

Determination of Aflatoxin M₁ and Heavy Metals in Infant Formula Milk Brands Available in Pakistani Markets