A survey of aflatoxin M1 in milk and sweets of Punjab, Pakistan

Sadia, Asma; Jabbar, M. A.; Deng, Youjun; Hussain, Ejaz; Riffat, Sualeha; Naveed, Saima; Arif, Muhammad

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.01.055

Cited by 71 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The contamination levels of AFM1 observed in our survey were higher than those observed by Sadia et al [18] as detailed in Table 6. They reported concentrations of AFM1 as 0.18, 0.47 and 0.11 ppb in milk samples collected from local shops, households and dairy farms respectively across Punjab province.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 70%

“…Addition of water, chemicals and drug residues both intentionally and unintentionally has also been reported [16,17]. Recent surveys [18,19,20] have highlighted the presence of AFM1 in milk and milk products. However, informal milk marketing chains specifically have not been the focus of previous investigations of mycotoxin contamination in Pakistan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Higher Levels of Aflatoxin M1 Contamination and Poorer Composition of Milk Supplied by Informal Milk Marketing Chains in Pakistan

Aslam

Tipu

İshaq

et al. 2016

Toxins

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The present study was conducted to observe the seasonal variation in aflatoxin M1 and nutritional quality of milk along informal marketing chains. Milk samples (485) were collected from three different chains over a period of one year. The average concentrations of aflatoxin M1 during the autumn and monsoon seasons (2.60 and 2.59 ppb) were found to be significantly higher (standard error of the difference, SED = 0.21: p = 0.003) than in the summer (1.93 ppb). The percentage of added water in milk was significantly lower (SED = 1.54: p < 0.001) in summer (18.59%) than in the monsoon season (26.39%). There was a significantly different (SED = 2.38: p < 0.001) mean percentage of water added by farmers (6.23%), small collectors (14.97%), large collectors (27.96%) and retailers (34.52%). This was reflected in changes in milk quality along the marketing chain. There was no difference (p = 0.178) in concentration of aflatoxin M1 in milk collected from the farmers (2.12 ppb), small collectors (2.23 ppb), large collectors (2.36 ppb) and retailers (2.58 ppb). The high levels of contamination found in this study, which exceed the standards set by European Union (0.05 ppb) and USFDA (0.5 ppb), demand radical intervention by regulatory authorities and mass awareness of the consequences for consumer health and safety.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 70%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher Levels of Aflatoxin M1 Contamination and Poorer Composition of Milk Supplied by Informal Milk Marketing Chains in Pakistan

Aslam

Tipu

İshaq

et al. 2016

Toxins

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“…The presence of AFM1 in milk and milk products in Pakistan [14,15,17] clearly shows that immediate measurements need to be implemented to reduce the level of exposure of the milk-consuming population to AFs. According to Ashiq [58], the maximum limit for milk AFs has recently been set as 10 ppb in Pakistan, a limit much higher than the maximum permissible levels allowed in most countries.…”

Section: Legislation/policies In Pakistan Relative To the Rest Of Thementioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxin Contamination of the Milk Supply: A Pakistan Perspective

Aslam

Wynn

2015

Agriculture

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Improving both quality and quantity of food available is a pressing need especially when one eighth of the world's population consumes less energy than is required for maintenance and is exposed to contaminated food, both of which lead to greater susceptibility to diseases. The Pakistani population depends heavily on milk for nutritional needs and 10% of household income is spent on milk. This commodity requires continuous monitoring and care from its site of production by smallholder dairy producers through to urban consumers along tradition milk marketing chains. Feed ingredients used as concentrate feed to enhance milk production are often contaminated with mycotoxins, which, after ingestion, are transferred into milk. Aflatoxins can contribute to the causation of liver cancers, immune system disorders, and growth-related issues in children. Moreover, deaths in both humans and animals have also been reported after ingestion of aflatoxin-contaminated food. Studies have shown contamination of food and feed ingredients with mycotoxins, especially aflatoxins. This review places the dairy industry into context, summarizes how milk and milk products are contaminated with aflatoxins, and discusses the present legislative regulation of milk quality implemented in Pakistan. There is a need to eliminate fungus-susceptible animal feed ingredients, which are the source of mycotoxins so prevalent in the milk marketed to the consumer in Pakistan. OPEN ACCESSAgriculture 2015, 5 1173

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“…This means that there must be a close monitoring program on food products. Along with food safety, occupational safety is another concern [8]- [10]. The most prevalent and toxic molecule among the four commonly found AFs (aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2) is AFB1 so that it is classified as group 1 human carcinogen by IARC [1] [3] [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%