A Survey of Asynchronous Programming Using Coroutines in the Internet of Things and Embedded Systems

Abstract

Many Internet of ings and embedded projects are event-driven, and therefore require asynchronous and concurrent programming.Current proposals for C++20 suggest that coroutines will have native language support. It is timely to survey the current use of coroutines in embedded systems development.is paper investigates existing research which uses or describes coroutines on resource-constrained platforms. e existing research is analysed with regard to: so ware platform, hardware platform and capacity;use cases and intended bene ts; and the application programming interface design used for coroutines. A systematic mapping study was performed, to select studies published between 2007 and 2018 which contained original research into the application of coroutines on resource-constrained platforms. An initial set of 566 candidate papers, collated from on-line databases, were reduced to only 35 a er lters were applied, revealing the following taxonomy. e C & C++ programming languages were used by 22 studies out of 35.As regards hardware, 16 studies used 8-or 16-bit processors while 13 used 32-bit processors. e four most common use cases were concurrency (17 papers), network communication (15), sensor readings (9) and data ow (7). e leading intended bene ts were code style and simplicity (12 papers), scheduling (9) and e ciency (8). A wide variety of techniques have been used to implement coroutines, including native macros, additional tool chain steps, new language features and non-portable assembly language. We conclude that there is widespread demand for coroutines on resource-constrained devices. Our ndings suggest that there is signi cant demand for a formalised, stable, well-supported implementation of coroutines in C++, designed with consideration of the special needs of resource-constrained devices, and further that such an implementation would bring bene ts speci c to such devices.

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“…Our evaluation methodology is designed to assess the performance of the cab dispatch system within an edge computing paradigm, focusing on several critical metrics: response time latency, concurrency handling under high load conditions, fault tolerance, and multicore processing efficiency. Recognizing the complexity and variability of realworld IoT hardware environments [33], our current testing uses a purely software-based environment, and future work will include detailed hardware simulations to enhance the practical applicability and robustness of our findings in diverse IoT contexts. Additionally, we also conducted experiments under simulated constrained network conditions to mimic potential real-life challenges.…”

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“…In this respect there are two groups: stackfull and stackless coroutines. Modern C++20 provides the framework and mechanisms for the latter [7] [3]. That is, they suspend execution by returning to the caller and the data that is required to resume execution is stored separately from the stack.…”

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