A Survey of Characteristics of Smokeless Tobacco Users in a Treatment Program

Ebbert, Jon O.; Klinkhammer, Martin D.; Stevens, Susanna R.; Rowland, Leah C.; Offord, Kenneth P.; Ames, Steven C.; Dale, Lowell C.

doi:10.5993/ajhb.29.1.3

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Items on the FTND were modified to address ST use behaviors. These modifications were based upon our clinical and research experience in ST users (Ebbert, Dale, Nirelli et al, 2004;Ebbert, Dale, Vickers et al, 2004;Ebbert et al, 2005) as well as existing measures (Boyle et al, 1995). The 6 items of the FTND-ST are shown in the Table.…”

Section: Dependencementioning

confidence: 99%

The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco (FTND-ST)

Ebbert

Patten

Schroeder

2006

Addictive Behaviors

Self Cite

173

126

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Few nicotine dependence measures have been developed for smokeless tobacco (ST) users. Existing measures are limited by the requirement to rate the nicotine content of ST brands for which data is scarce or non-existent. We modified the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) for ST users, referred to this scale as the FTND-ST, and evaluated its characteristics in a population of 42 ST users. The correlation between the FTND-ST total score and the serum cotinine concentrations was 0.53 (p<0.001). Internal consistency reliability assessed using the coefficient alpha was 0.47. Correlations and the coefficient alpha are similar to those reported for commonly used nicotine dependence measures. Development and refinement of nicotine dependence measures for ST users are essential steps in order to advance the field of ST research.

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Section: Dependencementioning

confidence: 99%

The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco (FTND-ST)

Ebbert

Patten

Schroeder

2006

Addictive Behaviors

Self Cite

173

126

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“…123 Nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs) are considered the least hazardous PREP alternative to cigarette smoking, and they have an impressive safety record. 124 However, some ST users view NRTs as less palatable or acceptable and more costly than ST. 124,125 Most NRTs are available over the counter, but some require a prescription (nicotine nasal spray and inhaler). 126,127 Is There a Role for ST Use in Reducing Smoking-Associated CV Risk?…”

Section: The Role Of Social Norms and Preps For Cigarette Smoking Cesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Smokeless Tobacco Products on Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for Policy, Prevention, and Treatment

Benowitz²,

et al. 2010

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on behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Nursing V arious forms of smokeless tobacco (ST) products (snuff, chewing tobacco) are used by individuals of all ages. Over the past several years, US tobacco companies have expanded marketing and promotion of ST products. A major aim of this statement is to review and summarize the scientific evidence regarding ST product use and the potential cardiovascular risks associated with ST product use that can be used to inform policy related to tobacco control and strategies related to tobacco harm reduction. A specific policy question is whether ST products should be recommended to smokers instead of cigarettes to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with smoking and/or as an approach to enhance smoking cessation. Although evidence is consistent with the suggestion that the cardiovascular risks are lower with ST products compared with cigarette smoking, ST products are not without harm. As reviewed in this statement, there is evidence that long-term ST product use may be associated with a modest risk of fatal myocardial infarction (MI) and fatal stroke, suggesting that ST product use may complicate or reduce the chance for survival after a MI or stroke. In addition, there is inadequate evidence to support the use of ST products as a smoking cessation strategy. Based on the findings reviewed in this statement, clinicians should continue to discourage use of all tobacco products and emphasize prevention of smoking initiation and smoking cessation as primary goals for tobacco control.In the United States, various forms of ST products (snuff, chewing tobacco) are used by individuals of all ages, including adolescents and young adults.

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“…However, many SLT users have a strong desire to quit and we routinely provide treatment to SLT users. [45,46] Our approach is to provide assistance to all tobacco users who contact us requesting assistance. In the clinical setting, the risks and benefits are discussed from the perspective of the individual level rather than that of society.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacological Interventions for the Treatment of Smokeless Tobacco Use

Ebbert

Fagerström²

2012

CNS Drugs

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Smokeless tobacco (SLT) is used in a variety of forms throughout the world. Long-term SLT use is associated with adverse health consequences. Effective pharmacotherapies are needed to treat SLT users who want to achieve tobacco abstinence. In the current review, we discuss the pharmacological interventions identified in a recent meta-analysis of interventions for SLT users, with inclusion of additional articles identified by searching PubMed up to August 2011. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) has been demonstrated to increase short-term tobacco abstinence rates and to alleviate craving and withdrawal symptoms among SLT users trying to quit. Bupropion sustained release has been shown to decrease craving and attenuate post-cessation weight gain among SLT users trying to quit. Varenicline is the only available medication demonstrated to increase long-term (≥6 months) tobacco abstinence rates among SLT users. Overall, findings from studies investigating pharmacotherapies for SLT users have been relatively disappointing. SLT reduction interventions may hold some promise for increasing abstinence rates among SLT users not interested in quitting. Additional investigations of higher dose NRT and combination pharmacotherapy are needed to advance the treatment of SLT users.

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A Survey of Characteristics of Smokeless Tobacco Users in a Treatment Program

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco (FTND-ST)

The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco (FTND-ST)

Impact of Smokeless Tobacco Products on Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for Policy, Prevention, and Treatment

Pharmacological Interventions for the Treatment of Smokeless Tobacco Use

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