A survey of communication protocols in modern embedded condition monitoring systems

Abstract

The aim of the paper is to present a recent development in the field of communication from the point of view of embedded machine condition monitoring system (CMS). Although the general purpose of CMS remains the same over years, various electronic innovations open new possibilities of enhancement, including lower price, smaller size, larger bandwidth, smaller energy consumption or larger distance for wireless transmission. The paper considers a general notion of an embedded monitoring system, which consists of a sensor, data acquisition and processing unit, storage peripherals, and a communication module for final data destination. For each of these defined parts, a detailed description of possible data transfer protocols and interfaces is given, including popular, and experimental ones.

Relationship between atrial fibrillation and retinal artery occlusion: what we know now and how we can use it in clinical practice?

“…Cardiogenic embolism in the setting of asymptomatic arrhythmias or undiagnosed cardiac defects is thought to be responsible for most cryptogenic strokes. The likelihood of diagnosing paroxysmal AF in a patient with a stroke of unclear aetiology is greater when the imaging reveals multiple cerebral vascular lesions [odds ratio (OR) 1.7] or an ischaemic focus involving the cerebral cortex or cerebellum (OR 5.8) [36]. Lauda et al hypothesise that the high proportion of patients with undetermined aetiology of monocular ischaemic visual loss, including RAO, in their study, is associated with undiagnosed AF [19].…”

“…It should be remembered that thromboembolic risk is similar in the case of paroxysmal and persistent AF; even brief episodes that last a few minutes are associated with a higher incidence of ischaemic events [1,31]. Since paroxysmal AF is difficult to diagnose because episodes are often brief, oligosymptomatic or accompanied by nonspecific symptoms, continuous monitoring is preferred when conducting a diagnostic evaluation for paroxysmal/subclinical AF [31,36]. In patients hospitalised due to ischaemic stroke, the detection rate of paroxysmal AF based on ECG alone is low -2-4%.…”

“…Therefore, ECG monitoring plays a very important role in the diagnostic evaluation: Holter monitoring during hospitalisation for 24 hours and repeated outpatient Holter monitoring for 7-14 days. The use of 30-day ECG monitoring in patients who suffered a cryptogenic stroke increases the chance of diagnosing AF by five times compared to standard 24-hour Holter ECG (16% vs. 3.2%) [36]. There are clinical scales that help identify cryptogenic stroke patients in whom the risk of paroxysmal AF is high (Table 2) [36].…”

“…The use of 30-day ECG monitoring in patients who suffered a cryptogenic stroke increases the chance of diagnosing AF by five times compared to standard 24-hour Holter ECG (16% vs. 3.2%) [36]. There are clinical scales that help identify cryptogenic stroke patients in whom the risk of paroxysmal AF is high (Table 2) [36].…”

Real time online profile measurement system for steel wire products

“…Data is being sent out of the sensor continuously. The data from the sensor is in RS-232 communication protocol [12]. Now the question arises how to take data out from the rotating platform.…”