A survey of diacritic restoration in abjad and alphabet writing systems

Abstract

A diacritic is a mark placed near or through a character to alter its original phonetic or orthographic value. Many languages around the world use diacritics in their orthography, whatever the writing system the orthography is based on. In many languages, diacritics are ignored either by convention or as a matter of convenience. For users who are not familiar with the text domain, the absence of diacritics within text has been known to cause mild to serious readability and comprehension problems. However, the absence of diacritics in text causes near-intractable problems for natural language processing systems. This situation has led to extensive research on diacritization. Several techniques have been applied to address diacritic restoration (or diacritization) but the existing surveys of techniques have been restricted to some languages and hence left gaps for practitioners to fill. Our survey examined diacritization from the angle of resources deployed and various formulation employed for diacritization. It was concluded by recommending that (a) any proposed technique for diacritization should consider the language features and the purpose served by diacritics, (b) that evaluation metrics needed to be more rigorously defined for easy comparison of performance of models.

Survey of Automatic Spelling Correction

“…The process of adding vowels and other diacritic marks to Arabic text can be called diacritization or vowelization [11]. Azmi and Almajed [12] focused on the problem of Arabic diacritization (adding missing diacritical markings to Arabic letters) and proposed an evaluation metric, and Asahiah et al [13] published a survey of Arabic diacritization techniques.…”