A Survey of Free Space Optics (FSO) Communication Systems, Links, and Networks

Al-Gailani, Samir A.; Salleh, Mohd Khairul Mohd; Salem, Ali Ahmed; Shaddad, Redhwan Q.; Sheikh, Usman Ullah; Al-geelani, Nasir A.; Almohamad, Tarik Adnan

doi:10.1109/access.2020.3048049

Cited by 172 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…where M = 2 n with n ∈ {1, 2, • • • , N}, and FER n,l (M, γ) is the instantaneous FER when using mode n on the l-th transmission attempt. Given the equation of FER n (M, γ) in [33, (10)], the Figure 12: Existing design frameworks incorporating AR scheme and different ARQ mechanisms, i.e., (1) SW [33], (2) GBN [34], and (3) SR [34] for FSO terrestrial systems.…”

Section: Cross-layer Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Link-Layer Retransmission-based Error-Control Protocols in FSO Communications: A Survey

Le¹

2022

Preprint

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Free-space optical (FSO) communications have gained significant interest over the last few years, thanks to the capability to transport extremely high-speed data over long distances without exhausting radio frequency (RF) resources. FSO communication is widely considered in various network scenarios, such as inter-satellite/deep-space links, ground-station/vehicles, satellite/aerial links, or terrestrial links. It is expected to be a key enabling technology for the next generation of 6G wireless networks. Nevertheless, despite the great potential of FSO communications, its performance suffers from various limitations and challenges: atmospheric turbulence, clouds, weather conditions, and pointing misalignment. The error-control solutions, including physical layer (PHY) and link-layer methods, aim to mitigate the transmission errors caused by such adverse issues. While the existing surveys on error-control solutions in FSO systems primarily focussed on the PHY methods, we instead provide a review of link-layer solutions. In particular, we conduct an extensive literature survey of state-of-the-art retransmission protocols, both automatic repeat request (ARQ) and hybrid ARQ (HARQ), for various FSO communication scenarios, including point-to-point terrestrial, cooperative, multi-hop relaying, hybrid FSO/RF, satellite/aerial, and deep-space systems. Furthermore, we provide a survey of recent literature and insightful discussion on the cross-layer design frameworks related to link-layer retransmission protocols in FSO communication networks. Finally, the lessons learned, design guidelines, related open issues, and future research directions are exposed.

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Section: Cross-layer Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Link-Layer Retransmission-based Error-Control Protocols in FSO Communications: A Survey

Le¹

2022

Preprint

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“…In order to calculate the performance metrics of the proposed FSO communication system, the PDF of X must be obtained. To do that, let's start by rewriting the Meijer's G function in (3) in terms of Hypergeometric function by using [19,Eq. (9.303)] as…”

Section: B Channel Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of FSO Communication Systems Employing Alamouti-Type Space-Time Encoding Over Málaga Channels With Pointing Errors

2022

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In this work, spatial diversity techniques have been proposed for free-space optical (FSO) communication systems to combat the deteriorating effects, such as atmospheric turbulence effects and pointing errors, and the performance of FSO communication systems with Alamouti encoding scheme over Málaga (M) turbulence channel is investigated. We first derive the probability distribution function (PDF) of end-toend channel gain under atmospheric turbulence and pointing error circumstances. Then, by capitalizing on this PDF, closedform expressions of the average bit error rate (BER) and the outage probability (OP) for the proposed system are obtained. Additionally, to provide more insights, the asymptotic expressions for the average BER and the OP are also derived. In the analysis, intensity modulation/direct detection and heterodyne detection techniques are considered so that the obtained results can cover both cases. Furthermore, analytic results are successfully validated through Monte Carlo simulations. Our results highlight the gains in performance that can be achieved when Alamouti encoding scheme is employed in FSO communication systems.

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“…Along with 16-QAM modulation, the use of OFDM improves the immunity of the proposed system design against the multipath fading effects, frequency selective fading, and intersymbol interference, resulting in the increased transmission range of FSO links [38]. In addition to this, 16-QAM and OFDM are industry-graded techniques and the systems based on these techniques can be easily integrated with existing RF and optical fiber-based communication networks to further realize hybrid networks [39]. Moreover, the digital signal processing (DSP) module can also be incorporated into the systems based on 16-QAM and OFDM schemes for the enhanced recovery of signal with minimum errors in the presence of noisy channel.…”

Section: A Transmitter Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Analysis of High-Speed Free Space Optical (FSO) Communication System for Supporting Fifth Generation (5G) Data Services in Diverse Geographical Locations of India

et al. 2021

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Free space optical (FSO) communication has established a reputation for itself as a next-generation network capable of delivering high-speed data services. In light of the upcoming launch of 5G services, this paper aims to evaluate the performance of the FSO system for the implementation of 5G technology in diverse geographical locations of India. The proposed 16×10 Gbps wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) based FSO link uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and digital signal processing (DSP) module to mitigate channel-induced limitations. Additionally, the proposed FSO design also employs Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) with optimized gain characteristics. Using the data sourced from the Meteorological Department of India, the link analysis reveals that due to weak fog events in coastal areas effective link range of up to 10.75 km can be achieved while maintaining bit error rate of 10 −9 . Despite dominant foggy conditions in hilly, plains and desert areas, the proposed FSO link significantly limits the degrading effects of channel. Hence, in pursuit of futuristic smart city models, a heterogeneous combination of FSO and 5G infrastructure can conveniently cover diverse geographical locations of India to support high-speed data connectivity.

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A Survey of Free Space Optics (FSO) Communication Systems, Links, and Networks

Cited by 172 publications

References 108 publications

Link-Layer Retransmission-based Error-Control Protocols in FSO Communications: A Survey

Link-Layer Retransmission-based Error-Control Protocols in FSO Communications: A Survey

Performance of FSO Communication Systems Employing Alamouti-Type Space-Time Encoding Over Málaga Channels With Pointing Errors

Design and Analysis of High-Speed Free Space Optical (FSO) Communication System for Supporting Fifth Generation (5G) Data Services in Diverse Geographical Locations of India

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