A Survey of Low-Cost 3D Laser Scanning Technology

Abstract

By moving a commercial 2D LiDAR, 3D maps of the environment can be built, based on the data of a 2D LiDAR and its movements. Compared to a commercial 3D LiDAR, a moving 2D LiDAR is more economical. A series of problems need to be solved in order for a moving 2D LiDAR to perform better, among them, improving accuracy and real-time performance. In order to solve these problems, estimating the movements of a 2D LiDAR, and identifying and removing moving objects in the environment, are issues that should be studied. More specifically, calibrating the installation error between the 2D LiDAR and the moving unit, the movement estimation of the moving unit, and identifying moving objects at low scanning frequencies, are involved. As actual applications are mostly dynamic, and in these applications, a moving 2D LiDAR moves between multiple moving objects, we believe that, for a moving 2D LiDAR, how to accurately construct 3D maps in dynamic environments will be an important future research topic. Moreover, how to deal with moving objects in a dynamic environment via a moving 2D LiDAR has not been solved by previous research.

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Soybean Canopy Based on Multivision Technology for Calculation of Phenotypic Traits

“…delta = E a f ter − E data num (16) where, the initial value of E was the maximum value of the corresponding control point distance, itnum was the number of iterations, data num was the number of control points, E a f ter was the distance value of the centroid generated after each iteration and loss and delta changed as shown in Figure 13.…”

“…Although laser scanning technology can establish the 3D structural form of an object more accurately and better overcome the influence of light variation, much human interaction is required when acquiring data. In addition, slow acquisition rate, data redundancy and high price restrict its use [14][15][16][17]. The Kinect V2 camera was used to acquire the raw 3D point cloud of an apple tree in binocular view Although the 3D point cloud morphological structure of the apple tree with color information was reconstructed and the algorithm stability was verified by analyzing the errors of several alignment methods [18], the binocular vision was not able to well reconstruct the full range of structural features of the apple tree.…”

Reverse Manufacturing and 3D Inspection of Mechanical Fasteners Fabricated Using Photopolymer Jetting Technology

“…The laser scanning technology is utilized widely in the reverse manufacturing of heavy aircraft parts [ 19 ]. Low-cost 3D scanning devices have been developed to gather CAD data using the triangulation concept and are widely adopted for scanning the mechanical components [ 20 , 21 ].…”

Situation-Aware Drivable Space Estimation for Automated Driving

“…construction work), the AV must be equipped with various sensors [16] and methods to capture the new environment accurately in real time [17]. However, some of these sensors providing rich environmental information, such as LiDARs, are typically one order of magnitude more expensive than the others [18], and are therefore not suitable for production vehicles. Additionally, upon sensor failures or other complications (e.g.…”