“…Parallel currents flowing on the flanks of the flow burst have been modelled (Southwood, 1987;Lockwood et al, 1990Lockwood et al, , 2001 and observed . Results of detailed case studies of corresponding ionospheric and magnetopause features (Elphic et al, 1990;Neudegg et al, 1999Neudegg et al, , 2000 have been complemented by statistical studies of the location, occurrence, and relation to IMF B y of ionospheric flow bursts (e.g., McWilliams et al, 2000). Provan et al (1998, and Thorolfsson et al (2000) have used radars and optical observations to determine the size, shape, velocity and recurrence rate of the ionospheric signatures of FTEs.…”