A survey of monitoring tap water hardness in Japan and its distribution patterns

Hori, Mayumi; Shozugawa, Katsumi; Sugimori, Kenji; Watanabe, Yoshihisa

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92949-8

Cited by 33 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In any case, it is likely that the average energy intake of Okinawans has changed over time, and it is hard to believe that the new generations born after World War II still adhere to a caloric restriction comparable to that of previous generations [ 39 ]. It should also be noted that drinking water in Okinawa is rich in minerals, especially calcium, due to the presence of limestone from coral reefs in Okinawa’s soil [ 72 ], and water rich in calcium and magnesium is associated with lower cardiovascular mortality [ 73 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Narrative Review Exploring the Similarities between Cilento and the Already Defined “Blue Zones” in Terms of Environment, Nutrition, and Lifestyle: Can Cilento Be Considered an Undefined “Blue Zone”?

Aliberti,

Donato,

Funk

et al. 2024

Nutrients

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Longevity is rightly considered one of the greatest achievements of modern society, not only as a function of lifespan, but, more importantly, as a function of healthspan. There are Longevity Blue Zones (LBZs), regions around the world, such as in Okinawa, Japan; the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica; Loma Linda, California; Icaria, Greece; and Ogliastra, Sardinia, that are characterized by a significant percentage of residents who live exceptionally long lives, often avoiding age-related disability to a significantly higher degree than in the Western way of life. Longevity is not a universal phenomenon, so if there are places in the world with characteristics similar to the LBZs, it is important to identify them in order to better understand what other factors, in addition to the known ones, might contribute to a long and healthy life. This narrative review aims to identify common factors between Cilento and the five LBZs, taking into account environmental, nutritional, and lifestyle factors. Articles from 2004 to the present, limited to studies published in English, German, and Italian, were searched in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The co-authors agreed on 18 final reference texts. In order to evaluate the similarities between Cilento and the LBZs, a descriptive comparative approach was used. Cilento and the LBZs share several common factors, including a hilly altitude ranging from 355 to 600 m; a mild climate throughout the year, with temperatures between 17.4 and 23.5 degrees Celsius; traditional professions, such as agriculture and animal husbandry; and a predominantly Mediterranean or plant-based diet, with typical recipes based on legumes, tubers, vegetables, and extra virgin olive oil. Additionally, maintenance of strong intergenerational family relationships, religious devotion, and social relationships within the community are also prevalent. Given the similarities to Cilento, one might wonder if this is an LBZ waiting to be discovered. The lessons learned from this discovery could be applied to the general population to protect them from non-communicable chronic diseases and help slow the aging process.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Narrative Review Exploring the Similarities between Cilento and the Already Defined “Blue Zones” in Terms of Environment, Nutrition, and Lifestyle: Can Cilento Be Considered an Undefined “Blue Zone”?

Aliberti,

Donato,

Funk

et al. 2024

Nutrients

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“…The four rivers (Geum River, Nakdong River, Han River, and Yeongsan River) flow through an area where human activities thrive and, accordingly, are an important water source for human activities ( Pandey et al, 2019 ). The collected sample showed different water hardness, because the hardness of water in those 16 sites exhibited different water hardness ( Hori et al, 2021 ). Water hardness in the Gangwon-do, located on the north of South Korea, was lower to that in the Gyeongnam region.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization and Effect of Water Hardness for the Production of Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water on Sanitization Efficacy

Yan

Jo²,

Chelliah

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) has been recently proposed as a novel promising sanitizer and cleaner in the agricultural and food industries. However, several factors, including water hardness, were considered to strongly affect the physical properties and sanitization efficacy of SAEW. To study the effect of water hardness on the SAEW production, we evaluated the production properties and sanitization effect of SAEW, which was generated from water sources in 16 representatively geographical locations of South Korea. The results showed that the hardness of water sources from Kangwon-do, Jeollanam-do, and Daegu was 22–41 ppm; that from Busan, Gyeongnam-do, Gwangju Bukgu was 80–443 ppm, and that from seven other locations was 41–79 ppm. SAEW is produced from water hardness less than 50 ppm and greater than 80 ppm was beyond the accepted pH range (5.0–6.5). Notably, high-hardness water (>80 ppm) containing 5% HCl could be used to produce SAEW with accepted pH. The SAEW generated from low-hardness water with additions of 2% HCl and 2 M NaCl at 7 A showed accepted pH and higher germicidal effect. Furthermore, SAEW with the available chlorine concentration of 27–41 mg/L for 1 min was sufficient to completely inactivate non–spore-forming foodborne pathogens. Sanitization efficacy was not markedly affected by storage conditions for SAEW at 40 ppm. Our results demonstrated that the degree of water hardness is an important factor in the production of SAEW, which would provide a foundation for commercial application of SAEW.

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“…The source of both chemicals causing permanent hardness in the Ural River basin environments could be explained by the geological context of the studied sites, showing that they have the same natural source. 18,19 Heavy metals such as Pb and Mn were also significantly correlated with Cl − . Another frequent correlation was observed for Zn−Mn (0.329−0.416), and Zn also significantly correlated with Cr(VI) (0.51).…”

Section: Source Identificationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Water Chemistry, Source Identification, and Health Risk Assessment in Surface Water of the Ural River

Yessenbayeva,

Turdiyeva,

Ramazanova

et al. 2024

ACS EST Water

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Health risk assessment of the surface water of the Ural River draws specific interest as the river has been providing recreational sites for many citizens. Therefore, the exposure assessment scenario for most of the investigated sampling sites was based on dermal contact during swimming, with rare cases of direct drinking of the Shagan River water. Results from the swimming path demonstrated that the noncarcinogenic risks were insignificant. In contrast, carcinogenic risks exceeded the threshold values and could have an accumulative effect on the population's health, with Ni having the most significant contribution (up to 80% of the total cancer risk). Cancer risks remained within the range of 5.39 × 10 −7 −5.22 × 10 −5 . SO 4 , Cl, and Ca were the dominant ions due to natural processes in the water, such as weathering and crystallization. In contrast, principal component analysis (PCA) showed that local enterprises, such as metalworking plants and mines, were potential sources of heavy metal contamination of the river. The study could raise awareness about potential hazards that heavy metals may cause to the health of Kazakhstan citizens, and in the future, this study's results can be applied to introducing stricter environmental standards for industrial heavy metal emissions.

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A survey of monitoring tap water hardness in Japan and its distribution patterns

Cited by 33 publications

References 16 publications

A Narrative Review Exploring the Similarities between Cilento and the Already Defined “Blue Zones” in Terms of Environment, Nutrition, and Lifestyle: Can Cilento Be Considered an Undefined “Blue Zone”?

A Narrative Review Exploring the Similarities between Cilento and the Already Defined “Blue Zones” in Terms of Environment, Nutrition, and Lifestyle: Can Cilento Be Considered an Undefined “Blue Zone”?

Optimization and Effect of Water Hardness for the Production of Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water on Sanitization Efficacy

Water Chemistry, Source Identification, and Health Risk Assessment in Surface Water of the Ural River

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