“…In the field of multi-label text classification, numerous studies have contributed to the development of effective models and techniques (Jiang et al, 2021;. Previous research has explored a variety of methodologies, including traditional machine learning algorithms, deep learning architectures, and hybrid models, to address the complex nature of multi-label classification tasks (Chen et al, 2022). Notable work has been conducted on feature engineering (Scott and Matwin, 1999;Yao et al, 2018), neural network architectures (Onan, 2022;Soni et al, 2022), and loss functions tailored for multi-label scenarios (Hullermeier et al, 2020), aiming to enhance the predictive accuracy and interpretability of models.…”