A Survey of Parents' Perceptions and Use of Time-out Compared to Empirical Evidence

Riley, Andrew R.; Wagner, David V.; Tudor, Megan E.; Zuckerman, Katharine E.; Freeman, Kurt A.

doi:10.1016/j.acap.2016.08.004

Cited by 29 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…For example, timeout from positive reinforcement has been shown ineffective in reducing problem behavior when escaping from timeout is possible or other sources of reinforcement are available during the timeout (e.g., Solnick et al, 1977). Thus, establishing contingencies to prevent escape, such as blocking or return to timeout are commonly recommended (e.g., Donaldson & Vollmer; 2011; Quetsch et al, 2015; Riley et al, 2017).…”

Section: Putative Shortcomings and Side Effects Of Punishmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Punishment and its putative fallout: A reappraisal

Fontes

Shahan

2020

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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In his book Coercion and Its Fallout Murray Sidman argued against the use of punishment based on concerns about its shortcomings and side effects. Among his concerns were the temporary nature of response suppression produced by punishment, the dangers of conditioned punishment, increases in escape and avoidance responses, punishment‐induced aggression, and the development of countercontrol. This paper revisits Sidman's arguments about these putative shortcomings and side effects by examining the available data. Although Sidman's concerns are reasonable and should be considered when using any form of behavioral control, there appears to be a lack of strong empirical support for the notion that these potential problems with punishment are necessarily ubiquitous, long‐lasting, or specific to punishment. We describe the need for additional research on punishment in general, and especially on its putative shortcomings and side effects. We also suggest the need for more effective formal theories of punishment that provide a principled account of how, why, and when lasting effects of punishment and its potential side effects might be expected to occur or not. In addition to being necessary for a complete account of behavior, such data and theories might contribute to improved interventions for problems of human concern.

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Section: Putative Shortcomings and Side Effects Of Punishmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Punishment and its putative fallout: A reappraisal

Fontes

Shahan

2020

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…However, we employed a similar approach to Riley et al [ 13 ] and still found a fall in TO use. We recorded fewer participants than Riley et al having ever used TO (72.05% vs. 76.8%) and having used TO in the last month (50.51% vs. 57.52%).…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Another participant was removed from analysis as a univariate outlier. A priori power analysis based on previous findings (e.g., [ 13 ]) indicated a necessary sample size of 164 to detect a small to medium effect size. Our final sample included 297 parents ( M age = 37.14; SD = 5.61; range = 23–58 years); 272 were female, 24 were male, and one identified as “other.” Of this sample, 112 participants (37.7%) reported that they had previously participated in some form of parent training.…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parents were presented with a general description of TO borrowed from Riley et al [ 13 ] (“When a child misbehaves, some parents will take the child out of that situation and have them go somewhere else. This is sometimes called “time-out”.…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, recent estimates show that TO remains a widely used strategy among parents in Western countries [ 12 ]. For instance, based on samples of US parents, Riley et al [ 13 ] reported 76.8% of parents endorsed TO and Drayton et al [ 14 ] reported 96% of their sample used TO. In the most recent estimate from an Australian sample, 78.5% of parents reported being likely or very likely to send a child to TO or “quiet-time” [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Updated Account on Parents’ Use of and Attitudes Towards Time-Out

Canning

Jugovac

Pasalich

2021

Child Psychiatry Hum Dev

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Time-out (TO) is a well-established technique for effectively managing childhood conduct problems, yet there is increasing controversy around its use. Using a mixed-methods approach, we investigated the impact of recent criticisms against TO on parents’ use of and attitudes towards it. A community sample of parents ( N = 297, M age = 37.14) completed an online survey (Study 1) to investigate use of and acceptability of TO. Results showed that 57.91% of parents reported using TO, slightly lower than past estimates. Perceived effectiveness and trust in clinicians predicted TO acceptability. To thoroughly examine negative attitudes towards TO, parents who did not use TO ( N = 17, M age = 38.29) participated in individual interviews (Study 2). Amongst other findings, Study 2 found that parents view TO as punitive and contrary to their value of connection. We discuss implications for parenting interventions, dissemination of parenting information, and future research.

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Using Time-out for Child Conduct Problems in the Context of Trauma and Adversity

et al. 2022

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IMPORTANCE Exposure to adverse childhood experiences substantially increases the risk of chronic health problems. Originally designed to treat child conduct problems, parent management training programs have been shown to be effective in preventing children from being exposed to further adversity and supporting children's recovery from adversity; however, there are increasing concerns that a core component of these programs, the discipline strategy time-out, may be harmful for children with a history of exposure to adversity. OBJECTIVE To investigate the comparative benefits and potential harms to children exposed to adversity that are associated with parenting programs that include time-out. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSThis nonrandomized waiting list-controlled clinical study was conducted at a specialist clinic for the treatment of conduct problems in Sydney, Australia. The self-referred sample included children with conduct problems and their caregivers. Eligibility was confirmed through clinician-administered interviews. Data were collected between February 14, 2018, and February 1, 2021. INTERVENTIONS Caregivers participated in a 10-session, social learning-based parent management training program. Caregivers were provided with parenting strategies aimed at encouraging desired behaviors through effective reinforcement and managing misbehavior through consistent limit setting, including the use of time-outs. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was the parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire score, and secondary outcomes included subscale scores from the clinician-administered Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Adolescents, and Parents. Multiinformant measures of child adversity were collected using the parent-reported Adverse Life Experiences Scale and the clinician-rated Maltreatment Index. RESULTS A total of 205 children were included in analysis (156 in the full intervention and 49 in the control condition; 158 boys [77.1%]; mean [SD] age, 5.6 [1.8] years [range, 2-9 years]). Compared with children with low adversity exposure, children with high adversity exposure showed greater reductions in the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire score from baseline (mean difference, 3.46

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A Survey of Parents' Perceptions and Use of Time-out Compared to Empirical Evidence

Cited by 29 publications

References 32 publications

Punishment and its putative fallout: A reappraisal

Punishment and its putative fallout: A reappraisal

An Updated Account on Parents’ Use of and Attitudes Towards Time-Out

Using Time-out for Child Conduct Problems in the Context of Trauma and Adversity

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