A Survey of Pork Quality of Downer Pigs

Carr, S. N.; Gooding, J. P.; Rincker, P. J.; Hamilton, Dan; Ellis, Michael; Killefer, J.; McKeith, F. K.

doi:10.1111/j.1745-4573.2005.00022.x

Cited by 15 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This metabolic condition may seriously affect pork quality, resulting either in pale, soft, exudative (PSE) or in dark, firm, dry (DFD) meats, depending on when the pig becomes fatigued during the marketing process (Fortin 2002;Carr et al 2005;Ritter et al 2009).…”

Section: Economic Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of pre-slaughter losses of Italian heavy pigs

Nannoni¹,

Liuzzo²,

Serraino³

et al. 2017

Anim. Prod. Sci.

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A retrospective observational study evaluated the risk factors for pre-slaughter losses (i.e. animal deaths occurring during transport and lairage) and their economic impact in Italian heavy pigs (~160 kg bodyweight). Of the 3 344 730 pigs transported, 1780 (0.053%) died before slaughter, with most losses occurring during transport (56.6%). The estimated economic impact was of 424 000 €. The percentage of batches with at least one animal lost pre-slaughter increased during summer (P < 0.001). The proportion of pre-slaughter losses was higher when journey lasted more than 90 min (P < 0.001) and was positively correlated with transport duration (P < 0.01). Losses were higher (P < 0.01) in batches transported at low stocking densities (i.e. when heavier pigs were transported). Batches with lower slaughtering order (i.e. longer lairage time) had higher proportions of losses (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that the odds of a given batch to have at least one animal lost pre-slaughter were 1.32 times higher for batches slaughtered in summer, 1.54 times higher if journey durations exceeded 90 min, 1.25 times higher for batches with low slaughtering order, and not significantly influenced by stocking density during transport.Additional keywords: economic impact, pig welfare, transport.The identification of critical points during transport and slaughtering procedures may significantly improve animal welfare during transport. In heavy pigs, long travel duration, low stocking density and overnight lairage resulted in increased animal losses. The routine collection and analysis of animal-loss data at slaughterhouses could reduce the economic impact of animal losses and be of help in improving future legislation on the protection of pigs during transport.

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Section: Economic Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of pre-slaughter losses of Italian heavy pigs

Nannoni¹,

Liuzzo²,

Serraino³

et al. 2017

Anim. Prod. Sci.

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show abstract

“…Chronic stress depletes muscle glycogen stores and may result in physical exhaustion and fatigue (reviewed by Gregory, 1994Gregory, , 1996. In support of this theory, Carr et al (2005) reported that the majority of fatigued pigs evaluated had high LM ultimate pH (5.90 to 7.00), suggesting that muscle glycogen stores were substantially reduced before slaughter. However, the relationship between muscle glycogen stores and the incidence of fatigued pigs is currently unknown and warrants additional research.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Economic losses associated with nonambulatory pigs may also be incurred by further processors and retailers. Carr et al (2005) evaluated fresh pork quality traits of 246 fatigued pigs, and reported that the vast majority of fatigued pigs produced pork with high ultimate pH (6.0), low Minolta L* values (45.72), and low drip losses (1.91%). These quality attributes are indicative of dark, firm, and dry pork; however, a small percentage of the fatigued pigs yielded pale, soft, and exudative pork.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Review:Transport Losses in Market Weight Pigs: I. A Review of Definitions, Incidence, and Economic Impact

Ritter

Ellis

Berry

et al. 2009

The Professional Animal Scientist

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Transport losses (dead and nonambulatory pigs) present animal welfare, legal, and economic challenges to the US swine industry. The objectives of this review are to explore 1) the historical perspective of transport losses; 2) the incidence and economic implications of transport losses; and 3) the symptoms and metabolic characteristics of fatigued pigs. In 1933 and 1934, the incidence of dead and nonambulatory pigs was reported to be 0.08 and 0.16%, respectively. More recently, 23 commercial field trials (n = 6,660,569 pigs) were summarized and the frequency of dead pigs, nonambulatory pigs, and total transport losses at the processing plant were 0.25, 0.44, and 0.69% respectively. In 2006, total economic losses associated with these transport losses were estimated to cost the US pork industry approximately $46 million. Furthermore, 0.37 and 0.05% of the nonambulatory pigs were classified as either fatigued (nonambulatory, noninjured) or injured, respectively, in 18 of these trials (n = 4,966,419 pigs). Fatigued pigs display signs of acute stress (open-mouth breathing, skin discoloration, muscle tremors) and are in a metabolic state of acidosis, characterized by low blood pH and high blood lactate concentrations; however, the majority of fatigued pigs will recover with rest. Transport losses are a multifactorial problem consisting of people, pig, facility design, management, transportation, processing plant, and environmental factors, and, because of these multiple factors, continued research efforts are needed to understand how each of the factors and the relationships among factors affect the well-being of the pig during the marketing process. In 1933 and 1934, the incidence of dead and nonambulatory pigs was reported to be 0. 08 and 0.16%, respectively. More recently, 23 commercial field trials (n = 6,660,569 pigs) were summarized and the frequency of dead pigs, nonambulatory pigs, and total transport losses at the processing plant were 0.25, 0.44, and 0.69% respectively. In 2006, total economic

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“…Esta variable incrementó las pérdidas por transporte, porque se rompió la estructura social del grupo y aumentaron los encuentros antagónicos. La respuesta al ejercicio agudo y el incremento de la demanda de oxí-geno activa la vía glicolítica anaerobia, con la consecuente acumulación de ácido láctico, que copa el ciclo de Cori y produce una acidosis metabólica, caracterizada por una disminución del pH sanguíneo y un incremento de 1 a 1.25 °C en la temperatura corporal, conocido como hipertermia por estrés (Carr et al, 2005); además de disnea y pérdida de coloración cutánea (Benjamin, 2005), condiciones que favorecen la ocurrencia de cerdos fatigados.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Efecto del Transporte de Cerdos de Ceba en la Incidencia de Cerdos Fatigados y Lesionados

Peñuela

Sánchez

Acevedo-Giraldo

2017

Rev. investig. vet. Perú

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RESUMENEl objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto del transporte de cerdos de ceba en la incidencia de cerdos fatigados y lesionados. Se hizo un estudio observacional prospectivo que evaluó 18 437 cerdos (n=350 lotes) que fueron desembarcados en tres plantas de sacrificio comerciales en Colombia. La tasa de mortalidad fue de 0.0016% y la incidencia de cerdos fatigados y lesionados fue de 0.02%. El tiempo de transporte, densidad de carga, planta de sacrificio, mezcla de lotes, tipo de camión, velocidad y presencia de un ayudante en el viaje estuvieron asociados a la incidencia de cerdos no ambulatorios. Palabras clave: cerdos no ambulatorios, estrés, pérdidas por transporte ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of transport of market-weight pigs on the incidence of fatigued and injured pigs. An observational prospective study was performed to evaluate 18 437 pigs (n=350 batches) that were unloaded at three commercial slaughterhouses in Colombia. The mortality rate was 0.0016% and the incidence of fatigued and injured pigs was 0.02%. Transport time, stocking density, slaughterhouse, batch mixing, type of truck, speed and assistant on the journey were associated with nonambulatory pigs incidence.

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A Survey of Pork Quality of Downer Pigs

Cited by 15 publications

References 7 publications

Evaluation of pre-slaughter losses of Italian heavy pigs

Evaluation of pre-slaughter losses of Italian heavy pigs

Review:Transport Losses in Market Weight Pigs: I. A Review of Definitions, Incidence, and Economic Impact

Efecto del Transporte de Cerdos de Ceba en la Incidencia de Cerdos Fatigados y Lesionados

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